Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet. « Hallmarks of Humanism : Hygiene and Love of Homeland in Qajar Iran ». American historical Review, 105, (2000), pp. 1171-1203.

Abstract

The leaders of late Qajar Iran, this sprawling, rather undisciplined article contends, embraced humanism and patriotic thinking in their quest for modernity. Humanism encompassed and served as a rallying cry for a host of themes and exhortations, ranging from hygiene and scientific learning to physical fitness, order and progress. Indeed, nationalism itself, ḥobb-e vaṭan, became inbricated in humanism, not simply as a territorial entity and an ideal but rather as a source of civilization and ...