Abstract

The $\textit{parallel chip-firing game}$ is an automaton on graphs in which vertices "fire'' chips to their neighbors. This simple model, analogous to sandpiles forming and collapsing, contains much emergent complexity and has connections to different areas of mathematics including self-organized criticality and the study of the sandpile group. In this work, we study $\textit{firing sequences}$, which describe each vertex's interaction with its neighbors in this game. Our main contribution is a complete characterization of the periodic firing sequences that can occur in a game, which have a surprisingly simple combinatorial description. We also obtain other results about local behavior of the game after introducing the concept of $\textit{motors}$. Le $\textit{parallel chip-firing game}$, c’est une automate sur les graphiques, dans lequel les sommets “tirent” des jetons à leurs voisins. Ce modèle simple, semblable aux tas de sable qui forment et s’affaissent, contient beaucoup de complexité émergente et a des connections avec différents domaines de mathématiques, incluant le $\textit{self-organized criticality}$ et l’étude du $\textit{sandpile group}$. Dans ce projet, on étudie les $\textit{firing sequences}$, qui décrivent les interactions de chaque sommet avec ses voisins dans le jeu. Notre contribution principale est une caractérisation complète des séquences de tir qui peuvent arriver dans une jeu, qui ont une description combinatoire assez simple. Nous obtenonsaussi d'autres résultats sur le conduite locale du jeu après l’introduction du concept des $\textit{motors}$.

Highlights

  • The parallel chip-firing game, known as the discrete fixed-energy sandpile model, is an automaton on graphs in which vertices that have at least as many chips as incident edges “fire” chips to their neighbors

  • A b-sector of p is a maximal integer interval such that all of its member indices are (i) The reason we introduce periodic firing pattern (PFP) instead of continuing to reason with firing sequences is because a PFP is aware of the period of the game it occurs in

  • We showed that periodic firing patterns are possible if and only if they are nonclumpy, which, among other things, allows classification of periodic games as “mostly waiting” or “mostly firing.”

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Summary

Introduction

The parallel chip-firing game, known as the discrete fixed-energy sandpile model, is an automaton on graphs in which vertices that have at least as many chips as incident edges “fire” chips to their neighbors. In graph theory, it has been studied in relation with the critical group of graphs Biggs (1999). Dall’Asta Dall’Asta (2006) and Levine Levine (2008), in their respective characterizations of periods on cycles and complete graphs, related the total number of chips to a game’s activity, the fraction of turns during which a vertex fires. We conclude with some observations and comments on future work

Definitions
Characterization of Periodic Firing Patterns
Motors
Combining Nonclumpiness and Motors
Discussion and Directions for Future Work
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