Fired hollow clay bricks manufactured from black cotton soils and natural pozzolans in Kenya

Abstract

The fired hollow clay bricks (FHCBs) have been manufactured by firing a type of highly expansive soils, the black cotton soil (BCS), and natural volcanic ashes (VA), which were both collected from Kenya. Characterizations including the X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analyses and electron microscopy have been performed to derive mineralogical transformations in the firing process. Various feedings and firing temperatures have been tried to examine impacts on the physical-mechanical properties (compressive strength, bulk density, linear shrinkage and apparent porosity). Results indicated that the mass ratio of BCS:VA 7:3–8:2 can readily diminish the shrinkage of the FHCB, and the firing temperature (1000–1100°C) affords the best physical-mechanical performance. The products meet requirements of the first-class FHCBs MU10.0 referring to GB/T 13545-2014. The mineralogical study indicates that clay minerals in BCS undergo decomposition at about 900°C, and the reaction as well as the phase transformation was proposed as: phyllosilicates+volcanic glass→feldspar→pyroxene→melted substances→vitreous solids, which was a reverse geology evolution of volcanic lava. This research provides a strategy in making use of vast resources BCS in Kenya obtained from municipal constructions.