Abstract
Currently, there is great demand to implement circular economy principles and motivate producers of building materials to integrate into a closed loop supply chain system and improve sustainability of their end-product. Therefore, it is of great interest to replace conventional raw materials with inorganic or organic waste-based and filler-type additives to promote sustainability and the close loop chain. This article investigates the possibility of bottom waste incineration ash (WA) particles to be used as a flame retardant replacement to increase fire safety and thermal stability under higher temperatures. From 10 wt.% to 50 wt.% WA particles do not significantly deteriorate performance characteristics, such as compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and water absorption after 28 days of immersion, and at 32 °C WA particles improve the thermal stability of resultant PU foams. Furthermore, 50 wt.% WA particles reduce average heat release by 69% and CO2 and CO yields during fire by 76% and 77%, respectively. Unfortunately, WA particles do not act as a smoke suppressant and do not reduce smoke release rate.
Highlights
Nowadays, it is accepted that biofuel incineration does not promote the greenhouse effect because of the neutral carbon dioxide conversion, which is determined by the lignocellulosic biomass renewability
PU foam was modified with waste ash (WA) particles, which were applied as a flame retardant additive
WA particles increase T5 wt.% decomposition temperature by 32 ◦ C and char yield at 600 ◦ C of WAPU foams, indicating better thermal stability properties compared to the PU foam
Summary
It is accepted that biofuel incineration does not promote the greenhouse effect because of the neutral carbon dioxide conversion, which is determined by the lignocellulosic biomass renewability. The attention to bioenergy as an alternative to fossil fuel-based energy has significantly increased in recent years due to questions regarding the global warming mostly originating from fossil fuel combustion. It was distinguished that the utilization of biomass resources will be one of the most important factors for environmental protection in the 21st century [1,2]. The growing use of biomass-based fuels for energy generation will lead to large amounts of biomass incineration ash, which causes serious environmental problems. As biomass is highly significant in a circular economy scenario, it requires that no unrecovered waste occurs. It is of great demand to find alternative applications of waste ash (WA)
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