Abstract
Currently, polymers are competing with metals and ceramics to realize various material characteristics, including mechanical and electrical properties. However, most polymers consist of organic matter, making them vulnerable to flames and high-temperature conditions. In addition, the combustion of polymers consisting of different types of organic matter results in various gaseous hazards. Therefore, to minimize the fire damage, there has been a significant demand for developing polymers that are fire resistant or flame retardant. From this viewpoint, it is crucial to design and synthesize thermally stable polymers that are less likely to decompose into combustible gaseous species under high-temperature conditions. Flame retardants can also be introduced to further reinforce the fire performance of polymers. In this review, the combustion process of organic matter, types of flame retardants, and common flammability testing methods are reviewed. Furthermore, the latest research trends in the use of versatile nanofillers to enhance the fire performance of polymeric materials are discussed with an emphasis on their underlying action, advantages, and disadvantages.
Highlights
According to the statistics from the National Emergency Management Agency of South Korea during the period of 2010 to 2020, the number of large-scale fires increased six-fold from 3 to 18, and the casualties and property damage costs increased significantly as well
(3) The limiting oxygen index (LOI) relies on several factors that cannot be controlled in a real fire situation, including sample geometry, sample orientation relative to the flame, air temperature around the sample, combustion time, flow and drop of the molten polymer, formation of char or similar barriers, and the filler wicking effect
Rameters obtained by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to analyze the thermal properties of materials at the end of the aheating variety process, of nanoparticles of graphitic carbon, oxide, metal hydroxide, which is consisting calculated by the weight ratio ofmetal raw materials remaining after and metal carbide/nitride beentemperature used as fillers to enhance heating and weight loss at have the initial
Summary
According to the statistics from the National Emergency Management Agency of South Korea during the period of 2010 to 2020, the number of large-scale fires (standard: 5 deaths, 10 casualties, and $4 million of property damage) increased six-fold from 3 to 18, and the casualties (from 45 deaths in 2010 to 232 deaths in 2019) and property damage costs (from $5 million to $330 million) increased significantly as well. When the volatile species combines withspecies; oxygen and the concentration reaches a critical level, thewith gaseous product (i.e., the mixture during of fuels)pyrolysis ignites, and resulting ymer decomposition volatile species formation isthe shown in Figure flame becomes a heat source for maintaining polymer decomposition, which is known as. This increases the risk in the event of a fire, and the f olymers 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW include reactive and additives types, and the latter are further divided into organic and inorganic flame retardants [24,40,41,42].
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