Fire Retardance Methods and Materials for Phase Change Materials: Performance, Integration Methods, and Applications—A Literature Review

Abstract

Thermal control methods based on phase change materials have a wide range of applications, from thermal management to latent heat storage for renewable energy systems, with intermittent availability. Organic PCMs have some advantages over inorganics; however, their major drawback is flammability. In critical applications, such as buildings, electric vehicles, and aerospace applications, flammability is an issue that must be addressed in order to comply with safety standards. This review paper covers current studies assessing the PCM response to fire or excessive temperature, methods for ensuring flame retardancy, and their impact on the PCMs key characteristics: phase transition temperature range, latent heat, heat transfer rate, and compatibility with other system materials. A special focus is set on the preparation methods and the effectiveness of the flame-retardance achievement method. Some research gaps and further research directions are identified and discussed.