Abstract
SummaryLithium-ion batteries are applied in electric vehicles to mitigate climate change. However, their practical applications are impeded by poor safety performance owing mainly to the cell eruption gas (CEG) fire triangle. Here, we report quantitatively the three fire boundaries corresponding to the CEG fire triangle of four types of mainstream cells with the state of charge (SOC) values ranging from 0% to 143% based on 29 thermal runaway tests conducted in an inert atmosphere in open literature. Controlling the SOC and/or selecting a reasonable cell type can alter the minimum CEG and oxygen concentrations required for ignition, thereby changing the probability of a battery fire. The ignition temperature varies greatly according to the type of ignition source type. Temperature and ignition source type play a leading role in the ignition mode. Breaking any fire boundary will stop the ignition of CEG, thus significantly improving the battery safety performance.
Highlights
Electric vehicles are paid much attention to mitigate climate change (Stephan et al, 2021; Han et al, 2019; Gourley et al, 2020)
We report quantitatively the three fire boundaries corresponding to the cell eruption gas (CEG) fire triangle of four types of mainstream cells with the state of charge (SOC) values ranging from 0% to 143% based on 29 thermal runaway tests conducted in an inert atmosphere in open literature
The results showed that the CEG of LFP generally had higher lower flammability limit (LFL) values at 100% SOC, allowing for more gases to accumulate before reaching deflagration or a fire hazard compared with that of nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) or lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cells
Summary
Electric vehicles are paid much attention to mitigate climate change (Stephan et al, 2021; Han et al, 2019; Gourley et al, 2020). As one of the main energetic failures, thermal runaway refers to the rapid self-heating of a cell, resulting from the exothermic chemical reaction between the highly oxidizing positive electrode and highly reducing negative electrode of the cell. This can occur in batteries with almost any chemistry (Mikolajczak et al, 2011). The cell erupts and releases gaseous emissions, i.e., cell eruption gases (CEGs) (Finegan et al, 2015; Wang et al, 2019a; Li et al, 2019b; Zhang et al, 2019) These gases are among the main combustion materials that lead to fires (Xu and Hui, 2017; Bi et al, 2015)
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