Abstract
In the late 1970's, a series of research projects developed simple effective-stress methods to predict the axial capacity of piles in normally-consolidated clay. The method known as ESM2 was built around a simplified, one-dimensional, cavity expansion solution. The ESM2 boundary-value approach has been extended analyse pile installation, consolidation, and axial loading. This model was used to evaluate the effects of both ends of the pile, pile loading direction, and pile loading rate. Other improvements include use of a full finite-strain theory and extension of the modified Cam-clay constitutive relations which accounts for the effect of the third stress invariant. The paper compares the results from one-dimensional and axisymmetric models.
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