Abstract
Projection (Green's function and difFusion) Monte Carlo techniques sample a wave function by a stochastic iterative procedure. These methods converge to a stationary distribution which is biased, i.e., di8'ers from the exact ground state wave function. This bias occurs because of the use ofpopulation control procedures. We demonstrate that these biased Monte Carlo algorithms lead to a modified effective mass which is equal to the desired mass only in the limit of an infinite population of walkers. In general, the bias for the energy scales as 1/N for a population of walkers of size N and is proportional to the expectation value of the kinetic energy. Finally, we consider various strategies to reduce this bias.
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