Abstract
New surgical techniques require fine control from the surgeon's point of view. Until recently, the necessary experience was only obtainable through traditional training protocols (using cadavers, animals, etc.). However, numerous training simulators have now been developed for use in this area. We present a new approach based on a three-dimensional finite element software and on different kinds of linear and nonlinear elastic constitutive equations that is able to predict realistic results. To classify these equations in terms of accuracy, we performed ex-vivo experimental measurements on lamb kidneys. The software has been applied to soft tissue deformation, namely lamb kidney and human uterus, and the numerical results have been compared to experimental ones.
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