Finite difference time domain method (FDTD) to predict the efficiencies of the different orders inside a volume grating

Abstract

Different electromagnetic theories have been applied in order to understand the interaction of the electromagnetic radiation with diffraction gratings. Kogelnik's Coupled Wave Theory, for instance, has been applied with success to describe the diffraction properties of sinusoidal volume gratings. Nonetheless the predictions of Kogelnik's theory deviate from the actual behaviour whenever the hologram is thin or the refractive index is high. In these cases, it is necessary to use a more general Coupled Wave Theory (CW) or the Rigorous Coupled Wave Theory (RCW). Both of these theories allow for more than two orders propagating inside the hologram. On the other hand, there are some methods that have been used long in different physical situations, but with relatively low application in the field of holography. This is the case of the finite difference in the temporal domain (FDTD) method to solve Maxwell equations. In this work we present an implementation of this method applied to volume holographic diffraction gratings.