Abstract
BackgroundRestrictions to gene flow, genetic drift, and divergent selection associated with different environments are significant drivers of genetic differentiation. The black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), is widely distributed throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans including along the western, northern and eastern coastline of Australia, where it is an important aquaculture and fishery species. Understanding the genetic structure and the influence of environmental factors leading to adaptive differences among populations of this species is important for farm genetic improvement programs and sustainable fisheries management.ResultsBased on 278 individuals obtained from seven geographically disparate Australian locations, 10,624 high-quality SNP loci were used to characterize genetic diversity, population structure, genetic connectivity, and adaptive divergence. Significant population structure and differentiation were revealed among wild populations (average FST = 0.001–0.107; p < 0.05). Eighty-nine putatively outlier SNPs were identified to be potentially associated with environmental variables by using both population differentiation (BayeScan and PCAdapt) and environmental association (redundancy analysis and latent factor mixed model) analysis methods. Clear population structure with similar spatial patterns were observed in both neutral and outlier markers with three genetically distinct groups identified (north Queensland, Northern Territory, and Western Australia). Redundancy, partial redundancy, and multiple regression on distance matrices analyses revealed that both geographical distance and environmental factors interact to generate the structure observed across Australian P. monodon populations.ConclusionThis study provides new insights on genetic population structure of Australian P. monodon in the face of environmental changes, which can be used to advance sustainable fisheries management and aquaculture breeding programs.
Highlights
Restrictions to gene flow, genetic drift, and divergent selection associated with different environments are significant drivers of genetic differentiation
A similar pattern was observed for percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL), which ranged from 62 to 87% for Nickol Bay and Tiwi Island populations, respectively
Average private allelic richness (APR) and average Minor allele frequency (MAF) of polymorphic loci were slightly higher for Western Australia (0.03 ± 0.14 and 0.18) than for both northern Queensland (Bramston Beach, Etty Bay, and Townville; 0.004 ± 0.039 and 0.13) and Northern Territory (Gulf of Carpentaria, Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, and Tiwi Island; 0.03 ± 0.13 and 0.15) populations, respectively
Summary
Restrictions to gene flow, genetic drift, and divergent selection associated with different environments are significant drivers of genetic differentiation. The black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), is widely distributed throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans including along the western, northern and eastern coastline of Australia, where it is an important aquaculture and fishery species. Understanding the genetic structure and the influence of environmental factors leading to adaptive differences among populations of this species is important for farm genetic improvement programs and sustainable fisheries management. Local adaptation can occur when geographically discrete environmental conditions impose selection pressure on resident populations of widespread species. Local adaptation can arise when strong environmental selection pressure outweighs the influence of genetic drift and gene flow towards homogeneity [1]. To date, the influence of marine environmental conditions on the wild-type genetic diversity and structure of Australian giant black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon; Fabricius, 1798), is unknown
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