Fine-Bubble-Based Strategy for the Palladium-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Nitro Groups: Measurement of Ultrafine Bubbles in Organic Solvents

Abstract

Fine bubbles of hydrogen were employed as a new reaction medium for the autoclave-free gas–liquid–solid multiphase hydrogenation of nitro groups on a multigram scale. Furthermore, ultrafine bubbles were examined by nanoparticle-tracking analysis in organic solvents.