Abstract
To obtain knowledge on how regional variations in methane seepage rates influence the stratification, abundance, and diversity of anaerobic methanotrophs (ANME), we analyzed the vertical microbial stratification in a gravity core from a methane micro-seeping area at Nyegga by using 454-pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene tagged amplicons and quantitative PCR. These data were compared with previously obtained data from the more active G11 pockmark, characterized by higher methane flux. A down core stratification and high relative abundance of ANME were observed in both cores, with transition from an ANME-2a/b dominated community in low-sulfide and low methane horizons to ANME-1 dominance in horizons near the sulfate-methane transition zone. The stratification was over a wider spatial region and at greater depth in the core with lower methane flux, and the total 16S rRNA copy numbers were two orders of magnitude lower than in the sediments at G11 pockmark. A fine-scale view into the ANME communities at each location was achieved through operational taxonomical units (OTU) clustering of ANME-affiliated sequences. The majority of ANME-1 sequences from both sampling sites clustered within one OTU, while ANME-2a/b sequences were represented in unique OTUs. We suggest that free-living ANME-1 is the most abundant taxon in Nyegga cold seeps, and also the main consumer of methane. The observation of specific ANME-2a/b OTUs at each location could reflect that organisms within this clade are adapted to different geochemical settings, perhaps due to differences in methane affinity. Given that the ANME-2a/b population could be sustained in less active seepage areas, this subgroup could be potential seed populations in newly developed methane-enriched environments.
Highlights
Anaerobic methanotrophs (ANME) play a vital role in the global carbon cycle budget, acting as methane sinks in marine systems
We suggest that free-living ANME-1 is the most abundant taxon in Nyegga cold seeps, and the main consumer of methane
In conclusion, our results show that ANME dominate in Nyegga cold seeps, both in the micro-seeping CN03 area and the highly active G11 pockmark
Summary
Anaerobic methanotrophs (ANME) play a vital role in the global carbon cycle budget, acting as methane sinks in marine systems. Through anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) they are estimated to consume >90% of the 85–300 Tg CH4 annually produced, and thereby contribute to a strong reduction of methane emission to the atmosphere (Knittel and Boetius, 2009). Their main niche in marine sediments is the sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ) which is formed when methane from subsurface reservoirs meets sulfate penetrating from the water column through advection (Berelson et al, 2005; Treude et al, 2005b; Knittel and Boetius, 2009).
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