Abstract
ObjectivesThis study investigates the effects of water-extracted PM2.5 on a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, MDA-MB-231, by sampling suspended particulates around a building demolition site. MethodsPM2.5 particles were obtained using a high-flow TISCH sampler. Water-soluble PM2.5 were extracted by an ultrasonic oscillator and then freeze-dried. The heavy metal components of soluble PM2.5 was analyzed by ICP-MS. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay for cells that were exposed to PM2.5 (200, 400 and 600 μg/mL). Wound healing and transwell cell migration and invasion assays were used to measure cell motility and the invasiveness of cancer cells that had been exposed to PM2.5 into a chemo-attractant substance. Interrelated mechanisms of cancer malignancy were analyzed by Western blot analysis. ResultsNearby PM2.5 concentrations increased significantly during the deconstruction of buildings, and the Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr contents of soluble PM2.5 also significantly increased. Following exposure to PM2.5, the survival rate of breast cancer cells was significantly higher than that of the control group. Soluble PM2.5-treated cells had a higher migration capacity. The signaling pathway of FAK/PI3K/AKT proteins was more activated in PM2.5-treated cells than the control group. Increased levels of Aurora B and Bcl-2 were associated with cell proliferation. Elevated levels of cathepsins D, β-catenin, N-cadherin, vimentin and MMP-9 were associated with breast cancer cell metastasis. ConclusionSoluble PM2.5 from building demolition may promote/progress in surviving TNBC cells, increasing the malignancy of breast cancer. This study offered evidence of a link between demolition PM2.5 and cancer progression.
Highlights
The demolition of a building can produce large amounts of particulate matter (PM), usually seriously degrading ambient air quality in implosion areas (Beck et al 2003)
This study investigates the effects of water-extracted PM2.5 on a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, MDA-MB-231, by sampling suspended particulates around a building demolition site
The results revealed that nearby PM2.5 concentrations increased significantly during the deconstruction of buildings, and the Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr contents of soluble PM2.5 significantly increased
Summary
The demolition of a building can produce large amounts of particulate matter (PM), usually seriously degrading ambient air quality in implosion areas (Beck et al 2003). Studies of the impact of PM2.5 at real-world demolition sites, especially on breast cancer, are still very limited. WTC-PM was found to be highly alkaline, with pH 9–11 (Lioy et al, 2006; McGee et al, 2003). Exposure to fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM53, > 53 microns) PM has been associated with the development of lung injuries and high sensitive immune responses (Rom et al, 2002; Weiden et al 2015). This study investigates the effects of water-extracted PM2.5 on a triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line, MDA-MB-231, by sampling suspended particulates around a building demolition site
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