Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Chronic Kidney Disease.

Yilin Zhang,Zhangsuo Liu,Dongwei Liu

doi:10.1007/398_2020_62

Abstract

The impact of ambient particulate matter (PM) on public health has become a great global concern, which is especially prominent in developing countries. For health purposes, PM is typically defined by size, with the smaller particles having more health impacts. Particles with a diameter <2.5μm are called PM2.5. Initial research studies have focused on the impact of PM2.5 on respiratory and cardiovascular diseases; nevertheless, an increasing number of data suggested that PM2.5 may affect every organ system in the human body, and the kidney is of no exception. The kidney is vulnerable to particulate matter because most environmental toxins are concentrated by the kidney during filtration. According to the high morbidity and mortality related to chronic kidney disease, it is necessary to determine the effect of PM2.5 on kidney disease and its mechanism that needs to be identified. To understand the current status of PM2.5 in the atmosphere and their potential harmful kidney effects in different regions of the world this review article was prepared based on peer-reviewed scientific papers, scientific reports, and database from government organizations published after the year 1998. In this review, we focus on the worldwide epidemiological evidence linking PM2.5 with chronic kidney disease and the effect of PM2.5 on the chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. At the same time, we also discuss the possible mechanisms of PM2.5 exposure leading to kidney damage, in order to emphasize the contribution of PM2.5 to kidney damage. A global database on PM2.5 and kidney disease should be developed to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of kidney disease.

Highlights

Air pollution is becoming an ever more serious problem due to rapid urban industrialization and modernization (Chen 2007; Power et al 2018)
Only articles that met the following criteria were included in the review: (1) Geographical location: Journals from all over the world were considered for the literature review; (2) Sample size: Sample size was not considered in the screening process; (3) Study methodology and statistical analysis: Research methods and the associated statistical analysis were not considered during the screening process; (4) Discussion of health effect: health effects using human or animal subjects
Its explanations and conclusions based on a raw analysis, the results provided an intuitive way to translate from the relative risk into attributable burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to particulate matter (PM) pollutants

Summary

Introduction

Air pollution is becoming an ever more serious problem due to rapid urban industrialization and modernization (Chen 2007; Power et al 2018). The epidemiological studies have shown an obvious upward trend in the incidence of CKD. The increasing number of studies have shown that air pollution may be a new risk factor for CKD (Tonelli et al 2012; Blum et al 2020; Lin et al 2020; Wu et al 2020). As an important organ involved in hemofiltration and toxin excretion, kidneys can be affected by air pollutants in blood, which is why the effect of PM2.5 exposure on kidney disease should not be ignored. We discussed the possible mechanisms of kidney injury caused by PM2.5 exposure. Based on these findings, we developed a hypothesis that exposure to PM2.5 and CKD is interrelated and there are many biological mechanisms involved in this process

Method

Global Implication of Polices and Measurements

Findings

Conclusions