Finding Meanings in Low Dimensional Structures: Stochastic Neighbor Embedding Applied to the Analysis of Indri indri Vocal Repertoire.

Abstract

Simple SummaryThe description of the vocal repertoire represents a critical step before deepening other aspects of animal behaviour. Repertoires may contain both discrete vocalizations—acoustically distinct and distinguishable from each other—or graded ones, with a less rigid acoustic structure. The gradation level is one of the causes that make repertoires challenging to be objectively quantified. Indeed, the higher the level of gradation in a system, the higher the complexity in grouping its components. A large sample of Indri indri calls was divided into ten putative categories from the acoustic similarity among them. We extracted frequency and duration parameters and then performed two different analyses that were able to group the calls accordingly to the a priori categories, indicating the presence of ten robust vocal classes. The analyses also showed a neat grouping of discrete vocalizations and a weaker classification of graded ones.Although there is a growing number of researches focusing on acoustic communication, the lack of shared analytic approaches leads to inconsistency among studies. Here, we introduced a computational method used to examine 3360 calls recorded from wild indris (Indri indri) from 2005–2018. We split each sound into ten portions of equal length and, from each portion we extracted spectral coefficients, considering frequency values up to 15,000 Hz. We submitted the set of acoustic features first to a t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding algorithm, then to a hard-clustering procedure using a k-means algorithm. The t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) mapping indicated the presence of eight different groups, consistent with the acoustic structure of the a priori identification of calls, while the cluster analysis revealed that an overlay between distinct call types might exist. Our results indicated that the t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), successfully been employed in several studies, showed a good performance also in the analysis of indris’ repertoire and may open new perspectives towards the achievement of shared methodical techniques for the comparison of animal vocal repertoires.