Financial stability in Indonesian Islamic banking using Z-Score: Before and during Covid-19

The history of Islamic banks in Indonesia is started by establishment of Bank Muamalat Indonesia (BMI) as the first Islamic commercial bank in Indonesia that has been operated in Indonesia in 1992. Until December 2007, there are 31 banks: 3 Islamic commercial banks and 28 Islamic unit banks. Islamic commercial bank operates fiilly sharia system, while Islamic unit bank operates windows system. During 2003-2007, Islamic banks have been grown significantly include asset, deposit and financing. Each grows 53%, 56% and 55% per year. Islamic banks must improve thier efficiency in order to give profit to stakeholders, and survive againts conventional banks or other financial institutions. Nevertheles, until today the efficiency of Islamic banks in Indonesia is not known. This study to identify: the efficiency of Islamic banks in Indonesia (overall), the efficiency of individual Islamic bank, the difference efficiency of Islamic commercial bank and Islamic unit bank, and the most influence factor to the efficiency of Islamic banks in Indonesia. This study focused on the head office of Islamic banks. The study uses data quarterly from fist quarter 2003 until fouth quarter 2007, includes nine banks: three Islamic commercial banks and six Islamic banking units. This study uses non-pametric DEA model. The results of this study show the efficiency of Islamic banks in Indonesia is average 0.883, and the most efficient Islamic banks is bank 1 (from Islamic commercial bank). Furthermore, the result of study indicates that Islamic commercial bank (BUS) is more efficient than Islamic unit bank (UUS). Besides that, financing is the most influence factor to the efficiency of Islamic banks in Indonesia. As the basic implication of this study are: (i) stakeholders especially government and monetary authority must improve the efficiency of Islamic banks and support and establish more Islamic commercial bank; (ii) stakeholders must support and establish more Islamic commercial bank, includes spint off Islamic unit bank to be Islamic commercial bank; and (iii) Islamic banks must give more financing to improve their efficiency.Keywords: Efficiency, Islamic commercial bank, Islamic unit bank, DEA

PurposeThis paper aims to empirically assess the contribution of Islamic banks toward the financial stability of Pakistan. For this, the authors investigate the relative financial strength of Islamic banks and their contribution toward the financial stability. They also examine the relationship between the competitive conduct of banks and banking system stability.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use quarterly data of ten conventional banks, four full-fledged Islamic banks and six standalone Islamic branches of conventional banks of Pakistan for the period 2006-2012. The z-score has been computed and used as the measure of stability of banks and the random effects estimator applied to quantify the impact of bank-specific variables and macroeconomic indicators on the financial stability. The empirical framework used in the paper enables the authors us to examine the differential effect of each underlying variable on the financial stability across Islamic and conventional banks. To check the robustness of the results, the authors have estimated several models with different specifications.FindingsThe regression results indicate that income diversity, profitability ratio, loan to asset ratio, asset size and the market concentration ratio of banks have significant effects on the stability of banks. Comparing Islamic and conventional banks, notable differential effects of the empirical determinants of financial stability for Islamic and conventional banks have been observed. The results suggest that Islamic banks have performed better as compared to conventional banks and contributed more effectively in the stability of financial sector. Overall, the results depict that the contribution of Islamic banks toward the financial stability has been reasonable and prospective.Practical implicationsThe empirical results of the paper are very useful not only for banks’ managements but also for the investors, bank customers and policymakers. Specifically, the findings help in enhancing our understanding as to how the bank-specific variables and macroeconomic indicators are related to the financial stability of the banking system. The results also help understand the role of both Islamic and conventional banks in the financial stability. Further, the results suggest that the financial soundness can be enhanced by creating healthy competition in the banking industry. The results about macroeconomic indicators imply that protective measures are required to intensify (mitigate) the positive (negative) effect of gross domestic product (inflation) on banks’ financial stability.Originality/valueThis paper provides an overall comparative analysis of financial stability of both Islamic and conventional banks of Pakistan. First, the paper computes the z-score for each bank included in the sample, and then, it performs the regression analysis to study how bank-specific variables and macroeconomic factors are related to the financial stability of banks. Unlike the previous studies, our empirical framework enables the authors to examine the differential effect of each underlying variable on the financial stability across Islamic and conventional banks.

Introduction: The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the global financial sector, including Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the health level of Islamic Commercial Banks after the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia using the NPF, ROA, and CAR Ratios from January 2020 to June 2024. Research Methods: The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach. Result: The study results show that the average NPF ratio of Islamic Commercial Banks in 2020-2024 was 2.44%, indicating that Islamic Commercial Banks are Healthy. The smaller the NPF, the healthier the bank. The average ROA ratio of Islamic Commercial Banks in 2020-2024 was 1.77%, indicating that Islamic Commercial Banks are in a very healthy condition. The greater the ROA, the healthier the bank. The average CAR ratio of Islamic Commercial Banks 2020-2024 of 24.91% shows that Islamic Commercial Banks are in a very healthy condition. The greater the CAR, the healthier the bank. Conclusion: From the study results above, it can be concluded that the health level of Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia after the Covid 19 pandemic is very well maintained. This confirms that Islamic banks in Indonesia have resilience in facing the economic crisis. This provides confidence for stakeholders to continue investing and participating in the Islamic financial ecosystem.

A Framework for Islamic Social Banking

Stability of financial institutions is a crucial issue amid the economic crisis that hit the US and Europe. Islamic banking in Indonesia as financial institutions are also required to have good stability in order to maintain the stability of the national economy. The aim of this research is to determine the stability of Islamic banking in Indonesia, and understand the factors that affect the stability. Stability of Islamic banking will be measured using Merton model to estimate the Probability Default (PD). Panel data regression was used to estimate the factors that affect the stability of Islamic Banking. The object of this research is 10 Islamic banking in Indonesia that meet the specified criteria. From the analysis of the Merton model, the research found that the stability of Islamic banking in Indonesia is not good enough. This can be seen from the value of the probability default on Islamic banking which still above 0.5. However, based on the trend, the probability default of Islamic banking has decreased from year to year. Some of the variables that influence the stability of Islamic banking is asset and BI rate (SBI).

Islamic banking in Indonesia is very vulnerable to volatility in their business processes due to its small market share. Compared to conventional banks, seen from their financial performance, Islamic banks have a worse performance because of lower profit (ROA). This study examines the stability of Islamic banking in Indonesia. Stability is measured using the Z Score. The data in this study are aggregate data for Islamic commercial banks. The data used are monthly data from January 2015 to December 2019. This study uses the ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) method. The results of this study are that all independent variables OER, NPF, inflation, IPI, exchange rates have an effect on the stability of Islamic banking, except FDR. Lower efficiency and problematic financing increases the stability of Islamic banking. Meanwhile, macroeconomic factors, inflation and exchange rates, have a negative effect on the stability of Islamic banking. The economic downturn due to inflation and rupiah depreciation will increase the instability of Islamic banks.

Purpose – This study aims to analyze the factors that influence inflation, financing risk, and digital payments on financial stability at Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia. Design/Methodology/Approach – This study uses a quantitative approach and purposive sampling technique with sample criteria being banks listed during the study period and publishing complete quarterly reports consistently. The data analysis technique uses panel data regression analysis, with the Random Effect Model (REM) in EViews 13. Findings – The results of the study indicate that inflation has a significant positive effect on the financial stability of Islamic banks. Financing risk has a significant negative effect on the financial stability of Islamic banks. Meanwhile, the digital payment variable does not have a significant effect on the financial stability of Islamic banks.Research limitations/Implications – This study provides empirical insights by combining macroeconomic, risk, and digital payment variables to assess the stability of Islamic banks, which has been underexplored in previous research. The limitation of this study is the limited variable and geographical coverage of Islamic banks in Indonesia. Therefore, future research is recommended to include other factors and use a cross-country comparative approach to gain a more complex understanding of the financial resilience of Islamic banks. Keywords: Digital Payments, Financial Stability, Financing Risk, and Inflation

Acts of fraud that occurred in several Islamic banks for sometimes are a proof that there is no guarantee of any institution that can be free from fraud cases. As an effort to reduce the level of fraud that occurs in Islamic banks, it is necessary to implement good corporate governance, good supervision, and implementation of an anti-fraud system that can be realized through the application of a whistleblowing system. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence fraud disclosure at Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia in 2014-2018. The objects of this research are seven Islamic Commercial Banks (BUS) registered with the Financial Services Authority (OJK) from the 2014-2018 period. The independent variables used in this study are Good Corporate Governance, whistleblowing system, and effective monitoring as measured by the ratio between the number of Independent Commissioners and the total number of Commissioners. The analysis method used in this research is panel data regression. The results of this study indicate that the independent variable application of the whistleblowing system and the value of Good Corporate Governance self-assessment has a positive effect on the disclosure of fraud in Islamic Commercial Banks, while the independent variable ineffective monitoring does not affect on the disclosure of fraud. This study has various limitations, one of which is limited data since it only focuses on Islamic commercial banks. The suggestions from this study are Islamic banks in Indonesia need to implement a whistleblowing system as an effort to prevent fraud, this is evidenced by the whistleblowing system variable influencing the disclosure of fraud in Islamic banks and it must improve the implementation of corporate governance to make it better. It can be seen from the composite value of the self-assessment results of the GCG BUS implementation. There are still many composite scores of 3 (quite good), even though the GCG variable has a positive and significant effect on fraud disclosure.

Islamic banks in Indonesia are very vulnerable to the instability of their business processes because of their small market share. Moreover, based on their financial performances, Islamic banks are worse than those of conventional banks due to lower profits (ROA) and higher Non-performing financing (NPF). Our study investigates the stability of Islamic banks. We measure the stability using Z-score and NPF. Instead of an individual bank, the study applies an aggregate data of Islamic banks encompassing Islamic commercial banks along with Islamic business units. Monthly time series data, covering January 2010 to December 2018 are selected. We apply the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The findings document that the Islamic bank's specific variables affecting stability are size, CAR, and efficiency. The larger size and CAR support the Islamic bank's stability. Lower efficiency increases the Islamic bank's instability. Meanwhile, Inflation and exchange rates affect the Islamic bank's stability. Economic downturns due to inflation and depreciation of rupiah increase the instability of Islamic banks. JEL Classification: G21, G24 How to Cite: Widarjono, A. (2020). Stability of Islamic banks in Indonesia: Autoregressive Distributed Lag Approach. Jurnal Keuangan dan Perbankan, 24 (1), 40-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v24i1.3932

The development of Islamic banking in Indonesia today has experienced a rapid increase both in quantity and quality. As an institution that operates based on sharia principles, Islamic banks have different characteristics and assessments of financial performance from conventional banks. Islamicity Performance Index is one of the new concepts as a method that can be used to evaluate the performance of Islamic banks which are not only financially but also able to evaluate the principles of fairness and halalness of an Islamic banking.This study aims to reveal the application of sharia principles to the performance of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia for the 2017-2020 period by using the Islamicity Performance Index. The ratios used are Profit Sharing Ratio, Zakat Performance Ratio, Equitable Distribution Ratio, Directors-Employees Welfare Ratio, Islamic Investment Vs Non-Islamic Investment, Islamic Income Vs Non-Islamic Income and the AAOIFI Index. The data used in this research is secondary data. The population of this study is all Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia for the 2017-2020 period, with a sample of five banks. Sampling was carried out using purposive sampling method. From the results of this study, it was found that the performance of Islamic banks can be said to be "unsatisfactory" because they have implemented profit sharing in accordance with Islamic rules and sharia, although the share of profit sharing is still lower than other financing. Islamic banks in issuing zakat are still not maximal, namely below 1%. In distribution to stakeholders, Islamic banks have issued qards and donations, providing employee salaries and net income which are still not felt by the benefits of the stakeholders. In the comparison of the average salary of directors with the average salary of employees, there is a difference in the average salary which is too high so that justice must be upheld in Islamic institutions to reduce the gap between directors and employees. Islamic Commercial Banks invest their funds in the halal sector with a ratio yield of 100% and already have 99% income from halal income. Shariah principles set by AAOIFI as a whole have been fulfilled by Sharia Commercial Banks in terms of promotion costs, risk-weighted assets, non-performing financing, interest-free income, profitability and distribution of zakat, although many of these points have not been maximized. The conclusion is that Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia still need to evaluate their performance for a better future.

This research aims to examine the influence of financing risk, efficiency, and profitability on market share in Islamic banks. It is a population study that includes all 14 Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia. The data source for this research is secondary data, specifically financial reports of Islamic commercial banks obtained from the statistical reports of the financial services authority and the financial reports published by Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia. The data collection technique used in this study is documentation. The analysis method employed is multiple linear regression analysis using the eviews 10 application. The results of the research indicate that financing risk, efficiency, and profitability have an impact on the market share of Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia. This research implies that the study's findings contribute to the academic literature on Islamic banking and finance, providing a foundation for further research and discussions on the relationship between risk, efficiency, profitability, and market share. This research implies that the study's findings contribute to the academic literature on Islamic banking and finance, providing a foundation for further research and discussions on the relationship between risk, efficiency, profitability, and market share.

This study aims to explain the effect of ijarah financing on profitability at Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia, explain the effect of murabahah financing on profitability at Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia and explain the effect of ijarah and murabahah financing on profitability at Islamic banks in Indonesia. The research method used in this study is a quantitative approach with statistical analysis to test the effect of Ijarah and Murabahah financing on the profitability of Islamic banks in Indonesia. The population used is Islamic banks in Indonesia. The samples used in this study were 8 Islamic Banks in Indonesia using purposive sampling technique. The data collection technique used is literature study. The data analysis technique used is the statistical method of multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS. The results showed that there was a negative and significant influence between Ijarah on return on assets, there was a positive and significant influence between Murabahah on return on assets, there was no influence between Ijarah on return on assets and there was a positive and significant influence between Ijarah and Murabahah on return on assets.

This study aims to explain the effect of ijarah financing on profitability at Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia, explain the effect of murabahah financing on profitability at Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia and explain the effect of ijarah and murabahah financing on profitability at Islamic banks in Indonesia. The research method used in this study is a quantitative approach with statistical analysis to test the effect of Ijarah and Murabahah financing on the profitability of Islamic banks in Indonesia. The population used is Islamic banks in Indonesia. The samples used in this study were 8 Islamic Banks in Indonesia using purposive sampling technique. The data collection technique used is literature study. The data analysis technique used is the statistical method of multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS. The results showed that there was a negative and significant influence between Ijarah on return on assets, there was a positive and significant influence between Murabahah on return on assets, there was no influence between Ijarah on return on assets and there was a positive and significant influence between Ijarah and Murabahah on return on assets.

This study aims to investigate the impact of equity financing on non-performing financing (NPF) in Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia. To address this issue, we conducted a panel data regression analysis on 12 Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia from 2010 to 2022. The finding of this study suggests that an increase in equity financing is associated with a lower NPF ratio of Islamic banks. While it is theoretically argued that Islamic banks’ equity financing may be associated with higher risk, our empirical evidence indicates the opposite, suggesting an improved risk profile. Indonesia presents a favorable environment for the application of equity financing for Islamic banks because large Islamic banks in Indonesia are often government-owned, which can lead to“safe” loan portfolios and strong loan repayment. Indonesia is also considered a religious country, creating a suitable environment for mudarabah and musharakah financing. Our findings suggest that Islamic banks in Indonesia should consider offering more equity financing, particularly for low-risk projects, such as those initiated by the governments.

The objective of this study is to measure and compare the financial stability of Islamic and conventional banks operating in Turkey for the period of 2006–2015. The sample consists of twenty-nine banks, including five Islamic and twenty four conventional banks. The study focus on three kinds of variables: bank specific, banking sector, and macroeconomic. The study builds on quantitative tools using panel regression in which the z-score used as a proxy for financial stability. We find that financial stability for large commercial banks is less than for small commercial banks, and financial stability for large Islamic banks is less than for large commercial banks. Small Islamic banks tend to be financially more stable than large Islamic banks, large Islamic banks financial stability is less than large commercial banks, and small Islamic banks tend to be financially more stable than large Islamic banks. The major results show that the existence of a financial crisis has a negative and significant impact on financial stability of banking sector in Turkey. The findings also indicate that the bank size, loan to asset ratios, cost to income ratio, income diversity and HHI have a negative and significant impact on financial stability of banks operating in Turkey. Banks operating in Turkey with higher Islamic banks’ share have contributed effectively to improve the financial stability in turkey. The study showed that the oil prices and political stability have a negative and significant effect, while stock prices have a positive and significant effect on the financial stability of the banks operating in Turkey. Macroeconomic variables GDP and inflation have significant effects on stability, which explains the importance of financial and economic policies of the government in increasing the financial stability.