Abstract
Well-known research showed that the skin conductance response (SCR) of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) in the Concealed Information Test (CIT) is usually augmented in participants who are financially and motivationally incentivized to beat the CIT. This is not what happens with Reaction Time (RT)-based CITs, P300 CITs based on the 3-stimulus protocol, nor on the P300-based complex trial protocol for detection of malingering (however these tests differ from forensic CITs). The present report follows up the Rosenfeld et al. (1, 2) study of motivated malingerers instructed how to beat the test, with uninstructed motivated (paid and unpaid) and unmotivated (“simple malingering”) subjects, using episodic and semantic memory probes. The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) validated behavioral differences among groups. The “CIT effect” (probe-minus-irrelevant P300 differences) did not differ among incentive groups, although as previously, semantic memory-evoked P300s exceeded episodic memory evoked P300s. An effect of specific test-beating instructions was found to enhance the CIT effect for semantic information.
Highlights
The Concealed Information Test [CIT, (3), previously known as the Guilty Knowledge Test or GKT] has been studied for half a century; [for reviews, see (4–6)]
Reaction Time (RT) to Probe and Irrelevant items in birthday and experimenter name conditions of the P300 CIT are shown in Table 1 for all three groups
We had no specific predictions about the effect of motivational manipulation on RTs, other than what might be predicted from Seymour et al (39), i.e., that probe RTs would be longer than irrelevant RTs
Summary
The Concealed Information Test [CIT, (3), previously known as the Guilty Knowledge Test or GKT] has been studied for half a century; [for reviews, see (4–6)]. In this test, there are at least two kinds of stimuli randomly presented regarding order to participants: The (1) probes are the items expected to be remembered; they are often from a crime scene in a forensic scenario—such as, a stolen diamond necklace. The probe is recognized, and elicits a larger physiological response in only the knowledgeable participant. The probe is just another irrelevant so elicits a smaller or no physiological response.
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