Abstract

The Mars Sample Return (MSR) Campaign must meet a series of scientific and technical achievements to be successful. While the respective engineering responsibilities to retrieve the samples have been formalized through a Memorandum of Understanding between ESA and NASA, the roles and responsibilities of the scientific elements have yet to be fully defined. In April 2020, ESA and NASA jointly chartered the MSR Science Planning Group 2 (MSPG2) to build upon previous planning efforts in defining 1) an end-to-end MSR Science Program and 2) needed functionalities and design requirements for an MSR Sample Receiving Facility (SRF). The challenges for the first samples brought from another planet include not only maintaining and providing samples in pristine condition for study, but also maintaining biological containment until the samples meet sample safety criteria for distribution outside of biocontainment. The MSPG2 produced six reports outlining 66 findings. Abbreviated versions of the five additional high-level MSPG2 summary findings are: Summary-1. A long-term NASA/ESA MSR Science Program, along with the necessary funding and human resources, will be required to accomplish the end-to-end scientific objectives of MSR. Summary-2. MSR curation would need to be done concurrently with Biosafety Level-4 containment. This would lead to complex first-of-a-kind curation implementations and require further technology development. Summary-3. Most aspects of MSR sample science could, and should, be performed on samples deemed safe in laboratories outside of the SRF. However, other aspects of MSR sample science are both time-sensitive and sterilization-sensitive and would need to be carried out in the SRF. Summary-4. To meet the unique science, curation, and planetary protection needs of MSR, substantial analytical and sample management capabilities would be required in an SRF. Summary-5. Because of the long lead-time for SRF design, construction, and certification, it is important that preparations begin immediately, even if there is delay in the return of samples.

Highlights

  • While the respective engineering responsibilities to retrieve the samples have been formalized through a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between European Space Agency (ESA) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the roles and responsibilities of the scientific elements have yet to be fully defined

  • Two significant implications arise from the findings and conclusions of MSR Science Planning Group 2 (MSPG2): First, the establishment of a NASA/ESA Mars Sample Return (MSR) Science Program, along with the necessary funding and human resources, would enable proper interface management with both Mars 2020 (M2020) and the design of the sample transportation missions of the MSR Program

  • The community needs to be confident that NASA and ESA have a vested interest in the science of MSR

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Summary

Introduction

The analysis of martian dust (Deliverable #2) 3.6. The analysis of martian atmospheric gas (Deliverable #2). Implications for the SRF (Deliverable #3) 3.8.

Conclusions
Context
Process
Summary of high-level MSPG2 findings
Primary campaign elements
Sample integrity
Sample retrieval
Earth return
Scientific investigation
Implications of the MSPG2 findings
Final thoughts
Operating Procedures
36 Appendix B
C-1 Purpose of the timelines
40 C-2 Description of the timelines
41 Science community
44 Sample Receiving Facility
47 Acknowledgments
48 Acronyms Used
50 References

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