Abstract
Standardization can be achieved in multiple ways; firms may join forces and develop standards in standardization committees, they may compete directly on the market in standards battles, or governmental agencies may impose standards. This paper studies criteria for the selection of standards in a situation in which these three forms of standardization occur simultaneously (multi-mode standardization). The paper attempts to arrive at weights for these criteria by applying them to the case of phosphorus recovery from municipal waste water, a technological process that fits the transition to a circular economy but that is still lacking standardization. A contribution is made to the standardization literature by empirically studying the case of multi-mode standardization and by applying standard success criteria to the area of water treatment.
Highlights
When sewage water drains into major drainage basins without treatment, this may have serious negative impacts on both the environment and on physical well-being
The reason is that both individual firms, standards organizations, and regulatory agencies are involved in the standardization of this phosphorus recovery from waste water
Relevant factors for standard selection in a multi-mode standardization context for the case of phosphorus recovery from municipal waste water include the following (a reference to the interviewee(s) who mentioned this factor is included in parentheses behind each factor): ‘financial strength’ (I1, I3), ‘technological superiority’ (I1, I2, I3), ‘compatibility’ (I1, I2, I3), ‘complementary goods’ (I1, I2), ‘pricing strategy’ (I2, I3), ‘appropriability strategy’ (I1), ‘marketing communications’ (I1, I2), ‘financial support’ (I1), ‘agenda setting’ (I3), ‘current installed base’ (I2, I3), and ‘suppliers’ (I1, I3)
Summary
When sewage water drains into major drainage basins without treatment, this may have serious negative impacts on both the environment and on physical well-being. A responsible and sustainable way of dealing with this waste water is by treating it, while at the same time, extracting the nutrients from the waste water for future re-use. In this process, phosphorus is removed and recovered from municipal waste water at various stages in a municipal waste water treatment plant. Phosphorus is removed and recovered from municipal waste water at various stages in a municipal waste water treatment plant It is captured from the sludge of the treatment plant in two standard ways: through chemical treatment or through biological treatment. Sometimes, a combination of biological and chemical treatment may be needed when the effluent concentrations of the water cannot be reached by the former only [1]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
