Fighting back: Is defamation law a double-edged sword for #MeToo victims?

Sexual harassment is a sexually oriented act committed against another person that results in the emergence of displeasure or compulsion from the act. Victims of sexual harassment have their impacts on the victims, ranging from physical, and psychological to social so that what victims of sexual harassment experience influences their core beliefs in living their lives. These core beliefs are formed through experiences since childhood, the living environment, and the subject's interactions with the world and other people. This research aims to find out what the core beliefs of victims of sexual harassment are and the impact of the harassment incident. This research was conducted using qualitative methods with a case study approach. The research respondents, namely two women, were victims of sexual harassment who used purposive sampling techniques and used significant others to obtain relevant data. Data collection uses interviews, documentation, and core belief inventory (CBI). The research results show that the core beliefs developed by the two respondents are different. The first respondent showed a negative core belief and the second respondent showed a positive core belief so that if the core belief is positive, it will give rise to positive intermediate beliefs and automatic thoughts and vice versa. These things influence the way of life of each of the two respondents. The impact felt by the two respondents was anxiety, fear and even blaming themselves. This research was implemented to provide an overview of the core beliefs held by victims of sexual harassment and the impact felt by victims of harassment.

Sexual harassment is a sexually oriented act committed against another person that results in the emergence of displeasure or compulsion from the act. Victims of sexual harassment have their impacts on the victims, ranging from physical, and psychological to social so that what victims of sexual harassment experience influences their core beliefs in living their lives. These core beliefs are formed through experiences since childhood, the living environment, and the subject's interactions with the world and other people. This research aims to find out what the core beliefs of victims of sexual harassment are and the impact of the harassment incident. This research was conducted using qualitative methods with a case study approach. The research respondents, namely two women, were victims of sexual harassment who used purposive sampling techniques and used significant others to obtain relevant data. Data collection uses interviews, documentation, and core belief inventory (CBI). The research results show that the core beliefs developed by the two respondents are different. The first respondent showed a negative core belief and the second respondent showed a positive core belief so that if the core belief is positive, it will give rise to positive intermediate beliefs and automatic thoughts and vice versa. These things influence the way of life of each of the two respondents. This research was implemented to provide an overview of the core beliefs held by victims of sexual harassment and the impact felt by victims of harassment.

In 2 studies, we investigated victim attributions (Study 1) and outcomes (Study 2) for workplace aggression and sexual harassment. Drawing on social categorization theory, we argue that victims of workplace aggression and sexual harassment may make different attributions about their mistreatment. In Study 1, we investigated victim attributions in an experimental study. We hypothesized that victims of sexual harassment are more likely than victims of workplace aggression to depersonalize their mistreatment and attribute blame to the perpetrator or the perpetrator's attitudes toward their gender. In contrast, victims of workplace aggression are more likely than victims of sexual harassment to personalize the mistreatment and make internal attributions. Results supported our hypotheses. On the basis of differential attributions for these 2 types of mistreatment, we argue that victims of workplace aggression may experience stronger adverse outcomes than victims of sexual harassment. In Study 2, we compared meta-analytically the attitudinal, behavioral, and health outcomes of workplace aggression and sexual harassment. Negative outcomes of workplace aggression were stronger in magnitude than those of sexual harassment for 6 of the 8 outcome variables. Implications and future directions are discussed.

Time’s Up Healthcare Sets a Wake-Up Call

Sexual harassment is a form of sexual violence and is classified as a serious crime. This is due to the impact of sexual harassment which can threaten and endanger the life of the victim. Seeing the impact that is the result of sexual harassment, it is necessary to protect victims of sexual harassment from several parties such as the government, institutions, families, and communities. In addition, there is a need for legal protection that is binding on victims of sexual harassment. This study aims to conduct a juridical review of legal protection for victims of sexual harassment as a form of state responsibility. The research method used is a normative approach with a normative legal research design. The data used are secondary data derived from important documents and literature related to the research topic. The results of this study are that there is already legal protection for victims of sexual harassment in Indonesia which is a form of state responsibility, namely Articles 5 6 of Law Number 31 of 2014 concerning amendments to Law Number 13 of 2006 concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims. , Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection, and Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights. This is also supported by the activeness of victim protection institutions that assist in the protection of victims of sexual harassment. The urgency of establishing legal protection for victims is to prevent and provide solutions to the impacts felt by victims of sexual harassment.

Sexual harassment is unwanted sexual behavior or attention that disrupts a person’s life. Sexual harassment has many impacts, especially on the mental state of victims of sexual harassment. The psychological impacts experienced by victims of sexual harassment can be depression, panic, loss of motivation and many others. Not only the psychological impacts that will be experienced by victims of sexual harassment, there are also social impacts where the victim will be judged badly by the community around him. The purpose of writing this journal is to find out what impacts will be experienced by victims of sexual harassment and to find out what protections are obtained by victims of sexual harassment. This journal writing uses the normative juridical method. Sexual harassment has become an issue that often occurs in society, especially cat calling which is considered commonplace but is actually a violation of moral values ​​that makes the victim uncomfortable and experiences a verbal impact in the form of taunting whistles to the victim of catcalling.

Crime in Indonesia continues to grow and lately has caused many victims in society, especially women. In general, victims of crime experienced by every woman, in addition to acts of violence, are acts of sexual harassment. Sexual harassment in Indonesia has often happened, as we know that every day many media report incidents of sexual harassment, especially harassment that occurs in public spaces. The purpose of this study is to determine the suitability of the application of the Law on the Protection of Witnesses and Victims contained in Law no. 31 of 2014 against women victims of sexual harassment in public spaces. The method used is the normative legal method. The results of the study indicate that legal protection for women victims of sexual harassment in public spaces in Sidoarjo Regency has not been fully implemented. Many victims of sexual harassment in public spaces in Sidoarjo Regency are still afraid to speak up because on average, victims of sexual harassment are still made victim blaming considering that there is very little evidence of sexual harassment in this public space.

The notion of epistemic injustice has in recent years gained recognition within social and political philosophy. Epistemic injustice is the idea that someone can be unfairly discriminated against in our capacity as a knower and that unfair and unjust communicative structures, institutions, and practices have the potential to reproduce and further exacerbate existing socioeconomic inequalities and injustices. Yet, the literature on epistemic injustice has mainly focused on what makes an epistemic injustice epistemic – as opposed to distributive or socioeconomic – and little attention has been paid to what exactly makes it an injustice. This paper fills this lacuna by asking under what conditions epistemic discrimination suffered by a knower becomes an epistemic injustice and identifies five partial conditions that can be used to evaluate claims of epistemic injustice.

Introduction: Sexual harassment is any action carried out with unilateral consent, the impact of which can cause psychological changes to the victims. Sexual harassment is often directed at women. One of the psychological effects for victims of sexual harassment is self-blame (self-blame), and continuous self-blame can hinder an individual's ability to take steps forward and develop oneself to achieve self-improvement (self-improvement). Objective: This study analyzes Self-Improvement in Victims of Sexual Harassment on Social-Media. Method: The Scale of Readiness for Self-improvement (SRSI) is the measuring tool used. The number of research participants was 115 respondents to female victims of sexual harassment on social media. Data analysis was performed using simple correlation and regression analysis. Result and Discussion: The results show that self-improvement for victims of sexual harassment on social media is highly categorized. Conclusion: There is a negative relationship between self-improvement and self-blame

Students who are bullied are often shunned and isolated, so that victims of sexual harassment tend to adopt negative coping strategies, such as skipping class, violating school rules, being individual, then falling into promiscuity to avoid sexual harassment. Sexual harassment that is considered normal will unconsciously cause negative views on child victims, including depression, lazy learning, frequent truancy, neglect and rejection by the surrounding environment. In addition, victims did not respond or take a firm stance against sexual harassment. This type of research is qualitative research using case study research methods. According to Nawawi, case study data can be obtained from all parties concerned. In other words, the data in this study was collected from various sources. Based on an analysis of the results of research conducted by researchers at SMP Negeri 1 Karangsembung regarding the implementation of individual counseling services to deal with victims of verbal sexual harassment, students at SMP Negeri 1 Karangsembung Cirebon, there are forms of verbal sexual harassment that are mild, moderate, even severe. The mild form of harassment is often teased by friends, while the moderate form of harassment is whistling and the heavy form is mocking animals. Occurred for 4 consecutive months experienced by victims of ZAB, CA and PAR. So that they experience mild harassment, namely being insecure with their peers, and moderate harassment becomes negative thinking and lack of confidence, while severe harassment is experiencing mental trauma and then the solution for the counseling teacher is to carry out individual counseling with reality techniques. Conclusion, The changes seen after individual counseling with reality techniques for victims of verbal sexual harassment at Karangsembung State Middle School,. Although individual counseling services with reality techniques carried out by researchers are good services for students. It is proven that there are changes that occur for students in class. Although these changes have not been significant for victims of verbal sexual harassment, dynamic changes have occurred. Previously, ZAB, CA and PAR were students who were traumatized by acts of verbal sexual harassment against them. ZAB, CA and PAR are now able to recover from their trauma and are willing to hang out with their friends. Even in a learning class, they have started to be active and can follow the lesson well.

Rampant sexual harassments affect the victims and need to be followed up. Victims who are majority women are likely to feel aggrieved by pregnancy, receive negative stigma from society, drop out of school, and feel unable to achieve well-being in the future. This phenomenon is the basis for research conducted with the aim of knowing the psychological dynamics and aspects that affect the psychological conditions in female adolescent victims of sexual harassment. The phenomenological approach and interview method were used in this research. Three teenage girls aged 13-18 years became informants in this study. The results showed that the psychological condition of victims of sexual harassment was influenced by who the perpetrator is or the close relationship between the victim and the perpetrator. It was also influenced by support from the social environment, especially family as the closest environment. The psychological dynamics of victims of sexual harassment are influenced by four things: 1) the attitude of the environment; 2) self-understanding ability; 3) motivation to achieve self-actualization; and 4) the attitude of comparing oneself with others who are not in a better condition. From the results of this study, it was concluded that the supporting external or environmental factors and internal process in victims of sexual harassment combined really encourage the process recovery to achieve a better future.

Purpose This study aims to examine the forms of victim blaming in online news coverage of sexual harassment cases in higher education and analyze the extent to which the news patterns affect readers’ perceptions of victims. Design/methodology/approach The research used a mixed method that combined qualitative and quantitative methods through a sequential exploratory design model. The text of the news coverage of sexual harassment cases in higher education published in online media was analyzed using the discourse analysis model. The survey was conducted among 300 university students in Indonesia, who were selected using the cluster sampling method. Findings Many news reports in online media still use approaches that implicitly or explicitly indicate victim blaming in cases of sexual violence. There are three common types of victim blaming found in media reporting on sexual violence: seeking attention, passive behavior and being unalert. Findings show that although students, as readers, show a significant tendency to blame victims of sexual harassment after reading the news excerpts provided. This shows that reporting on sexual harassment, which is categorized as leading to victim blaming, has been proven to make readers blame the victim in the context of the sexual harassment case. Practical implications This study can provide recommendations for fairer and more sensitive reporting toward victims, as well as raising awareness of the importance of supporting victims of sexual harassment. Originality/value This study identifies forms of victim blaming in the news and analyzes how these patterns affect readers’ perceptions. Previous research has not studied this combination of analysis.

Sexual harassment is a bad act that can reduce human dignity, both women and men. The rise of the problem of sexual harassment can occur among teenagers. Victims of sexual harassment will usually experience mental wounds that can affect their mental and psychological states that take time to heal, such as experiencing trauma. The sense of trauma that exists in adolescents will make them into shock, and it needs to be handled through Islamic therapy. This study aims to overcome the trauma of adolescents who are victims of sexual harassment. This study uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation and interviews. The result of this study has shown that the application of individual counseling services by applying Islamic therapy can overcome trauma in one of the teenage boys who became victims of sexual harassment. The application of Islamic therapy has been carried out using faith therapy so that the teenager will get peace and inner peace and become a person who always increases faith or draws closer to Allah Swt. by enjoining ma'ruf nahi munkar.

This study aims to explain the subject-object position and readers’ position in reporting on women as victims of sexual harassment that were built by mass media Detik.com. The design of this study is descriptive-qualitative study. The data of this study are all e-news about sexual harassment cases which published by Detik.com starting 1st January to 31st December 2021. Data was collected by using corpus-based method and corpus tools (SketchEngine and AntConc) as research instrument. Data, then, was analyzed using the CACDA or the combination of corpus linguistic and critical discourse analysis. The results of this study are: (1) ‘the police’ were more dominantly positioned as subjects in the news report (4 datas), while the most dominant position of the object is occupied by the ‘the perpetrator of sexual harassment’ (4 datas). 3 datas, among all 5 datas, marginalized women as the victims of sexual harassment through the word construction, whereas the other 2 datas showed the author’s side with the victims. (2) on 1 data, the authors combined the mediation and cultural code processes, while on 4 other datas the authors used only the mediation process. Though most of the the readers’ comments were accusing and blaming the perpetrator, yet some of them still marginalized women. The novelty of this study is the implementing Sara Mill’s critical discourse analysis on CACDA method.

Sexual harassment through electronic media is one of the human rights violations. The crime of sexual harassment through electronic media is regulated in existing laws and regulations in Indonesia, such as Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions, Law Number 44 of 2008 concerning Pornography, and Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning the Crime of Sexual Violence. The approach used is Normative Juridical. The position of women as victims of sexual harassment through electronic media is that women are objects or victims who receive sexual harassment through electronic media, because women are always considered weak and easier to get harassment treatment. Legal protection for women as victims of sexual harassment through electronic media according to positive laws in Indonesia, namely, still has shortcomings and can even ensnare victims into perpetrators.