Abstract
When an animal faces a sudden emergency situation, it immediately activates the sympathetic nervous system. Hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine, flood the body and initiate changes in behavior and physiology. These behavioral and physiological changes are collectively termed the fight-or-flight response. The magnitude of the fight-or-flight response can be monitored by changes in heart rate. Epinephrine and norepinephrine generally increase heart rate. However, some situations, including animals feigning death, seasonal and/or physiological variation, or exposure to chronic stress, can modulate the fight-or-flight response. The consequence may be a decrease in an animal’s chances of survival under these conditions.
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