Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is the largest global public health outbreak in the 21st century so far. Based on World Health Organization reports, the main source of SARS-CoV-2 infection is transmission of droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. Viral particles can remain in the air and on the surfaces for a long time. These droplets are too heavy to float in air and rapidly fall down onto the surfaces. To minimize the risk of the infection, entire surrounding environment should be disinfected or neutralized regularly. Development of the antiviral coating for the surface of objects that are frequently used by the public could be a practical route to prevent the spread of the viral particles and inactivation of the transmission of the viruses. In this short review, the design of the antiviral coating to combat the spread of different viruses has been discussed and the technological attempts for minimizing the coronavirus outbreak have been highlighted.
Highlights
DESIGN OF ANTIVIRAL COATINGSThe exposed surfaces are contaminated due to the viral adhesion/colonization and subsequent proliferation with the formation of biofilms.[8]
AND BACKGROUNDThe world has encountered a number of viral pandemics in recent history that have caused tremendous morbidity and fatality, as shown in Fig. 1(a).[1,2] Viruses do not possess the ability to reproduce independently; rather, they need a living host cell, and further replication into more virions requires the viruses to first attach to or absorb onto a host cell followed by penetration, synthesis, maturation, and release of mature virions.[3]
The results indicated that exposure with graphene oxide (GO)-AgNPs nanocomposites could obviously suppress porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection that is more effective when compared to sole AgNPs and GO
Summary
The exposed surfaces are contaminated due to the viral adhesion/colonization and subsequent proliferation with the formation of biofilms.[8]. The authors have classified the anti-infective surface as natural coatings, artificial surface, and biomimetic surfaces with the mechanism of action as direct disinfection, indirect disinfection, and receptor inactivation, as illustrated in Fig. 2.11 In addition, the team of experts led by Weiss et al reviewed different nanotechnology enabled approaches against the COVID-19 pandemic.[12] In another detailed review, Singh et al have identified such anti-infective surfaces as contact killing and antimicrobial agent eluting.[13] The authors have exploited a number of pathways to attain effective multifunctional or monofunctional surfaces that include the adhesive mediated approach, coatings with anti-infective metals, photosensitized coatings, or enzymatic activated coatings.[13] Among these approaches, use of nanoparticles such as silver, gold, copper, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and carbon-based nanotube and bionanoparticles such as chitosan is confirmed to be immensely effective for antiviral applications due to their increased contact with microbes by virtue of their small sizes (1–10 nm, especially for nanoparticles).[14] It is important to note that the field of surface coating is already fairly advanced with commercially available coating materials in the form of “smart coatings,” “multifunctional coatings,” or even “monofunctional coatings” for a number of applications. International standardization, (iii) lack of mechanical robustness and its effectiveness for a wide range of microbes, and (iv) ambiguity in commercial and economic viability for mass market application.[13]
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