Abstract
Information on water balance from cropped soils is crucial for enhancing water productivity and computing spatial and temporal irrigation water and evapo-transpiration (ET) demand. The available literature on water balance components in the major crops reveals that percent utilization of the total water input (irrigation+ precipitation) ranges 34–97% to ET and 9–63% to drainage (D). In the upper range, utilization to ET is >90% in cotton, winter maize and mustard; to evaporation (E) >30% in maize and soybean; to transpiration (T)>60% in wheat, cotton, winter maize; to drainage (D)>60%in rice. Amongst different factors and management interventions, generally the percent utilization is more to ET in hot and arid zones, higher evaporative demand, low irrigation regimes, longer duration varieties, finer-textured soils and permanent bed system; to (D) in coarser-textured soils, conventional methods of irrigation, high irrigation regime, longer duration varieties, semi-arid zones with more precipitation and conventional tillage system. Such understanding of water budgeting helps in improving irrigation strategies for conserving irrigation water and reducing ET; and provides a foundation for Efficient water resource planning and management.
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