Abstract
Abstract This chapter primarily focuses on the application of the methods developed in the previous chapter for analyzing the field distribution produced by a variety of single acoustic sources, ranging from piston transducers to those with more complex geometries. For an inviscid propagation medium, exact and approximate methods are examined, including the Fresnel and Fraunhofer approximations. The Fraunhofer approximation allows a greatly simplified approach to calculating the far-field response. On the other hand, the Fresnel approximation is fairly accurate much closer to the source, though it generally results in more complex expressions. An account of the use of iodization as a means for reducing the effects of diffraction is presented, and this leads to a description of diffractionless and minimally diffracting sources. The important practical issue of the effects of attenuation and the accompanying dispersion is then addressed, dealing first with classical viscous losses, and then addressing the question as to how the effects of attenuation and dispersion in soft tissue can be accounted for.
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