Abstract
Sulfoxaflor belongs to a new class of insecticides which are effective against many sap-feeding pests. Sitobion miscanthi, Rhopalosiphum padi, and Metopolophium dirhodum are the predominant pests coexisting on wheat plants. It is unknown whether these aphid species have developed resistance to sulfoxaflor. Here, the susceptibilities of three wheat aphid species from different regions of China to sulfoxaflor were evaluated. The results showed that two S. miscanthi, one R. padi, and two M. dirhodum field populations were highly resistant to sulfoxaflor. Additionally, 13 S. miscanthi, 9 R. padi, and 4 M. dirhodum field populations were moderately resistant to sulfoxaflor. Analysis of differences in toxicity showed that the susceptibility levels of R. padi in 9 of 20 regions, M. dirhodum in 5 of 9 regions, and M. dirhodum in 3 of 9 regions to sulfoxaflor were greater than those of S. miscanthi, S. miscanthi, and R. padi in the same regions, respectively. Thus, each wheat aphid species has field populations that are highly sulfoxaflor resistant. The R. padi and M. dirhodum populations were more susceptible to sulfoxaflor than those of S. miscanthi. These findings provide new insights into insecticide resistance development and rational sulfoxaflor use.
Highlights
Sulfoxaflor, which belongs to a new class of insecticides, is highly effective in controlling many kinds of sap-feeding pests [1,2,3]
The study results provide new insights into the mechanisms mediating the development of insecticide resistance as well as valuable information regarding the rational use of sulfoxaflor
R. padi/M. dirhodum a number of total field populations. b number of field populations showing no differences in sulfoxaflor toxicity between wheat aphid species. c number of field populations in which the latter species was more susceptible to sulfoxaflor than the former species. d number of field populations in which the latter species was less susceptible to sulfoxaflor than the former species
Summary
Sulfoxaflor, which belongs to a new class of insecticides (sulfoximines), is highly effective in controlling many kinds of sap-feeding pests [1,2,3]. Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus), and Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) are the major aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) that infest cereal crops. Both S. miscanthi and R. padi have been detected in all wheat fields in China [8,9]. Recent studies confirmed that S. miscanthi, R. padi, and M. dirhodum field populations have developed resistance to many insecticides, including neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam and imidacloprid), pyrethroids (bifenthrin and beta-cypermethrin), macrolides (avermectin), and organophosphates (chlorpyrifos and omethoate) [7,8]. A standard leaf-dipping bioassay was conducted to assess the sulfoxaflor resistance of 24 S. miscanthi, 24 R. padi, and 10 M. dirhodum field populations collected from different regions in China in 2019 and 2021. The study results provide new insights into the mechanisms mediating the development of insecticide resistance as well as valuable information regarding the rational use of sulfoxaflor
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