Abstract
ABSTRACT.Evidence on the effectiveness of low-cost, sustainable biological vector control tools for Aedes mosquitoes is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this trial was to estimate the impact of guppy fish in combination with the larvicide pyriproxyfen (PPF) (Sumilarv® 2MR) and communication for behavioral impact (COMBI) activities to reduce entomological indices in Cambodia. In this cluster randomized, controlled superiority trial, 30 clusters comprised of one or more villages each was allocated in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive either 1) all three interventions (guppies, PPF, and COMBI), 2) two interventions (guppies and COMBI), or 3) control (standard vector control). Entomological surveys among 40 randomly selected households per cluster were carried out quarterly. The primary outcome was the population abundance of adult female Aedes mosquitoes trapped using adult resting collections. In the primary analysis, adult female Aedes abundance and mosquito infection rates was aggregated over follow-up time points to give a single rate per cluster. These data were analyzed by negative binomial regression, yielding abundance ratios (ARs). The number of Aedes females was reduced roughly by half compared with the control in both the guppy, PPF, and COMBI arm (AR = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34–0.85; P = 0.0073); and the guppy and COMBI arm (AR = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.31–0.77; P = 0.0021). The effectiveness demonstrated and extremely low cost of including fish rearing in community-based health structures suggest they should be considered as a vector control tool as long as the benefits outweigh any potential environmental concerns. Sumilarv® 2MR was also highly accepted and preferred over current vector control tools used in Cambodia.
Highlights
Dengue is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease in the world and is caused by bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes, principally Aedes aegypti.[1]
Evidence on the effectiveness of low-cost, sustainable biological vector control tools for Aedes mosquitoes is limited. The purpose of this trial was to estimate the impact of guppy fish in combination with the larvicide pyriproxyfen (PPF) (SumilarvVR 2MR) and communication for behavioral impact (COMBI) activities to reduce entomological indices in Cambodia
The number of Aedes females was reduced roughly by half compared with the control in both the guppy, PPF, and COMBI arm (AR 5 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34–0.85; P 5 0.0073); and the guppy and COMBI arm (AR 5 0.49; 95% CI, 0.31–0.77; P 5 0.0021)
Summary
Dengue is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease in the world and is caused by bites of infected Aedes mosquitoes, principally Aedes aegypti.[1]. A number of promising vaccine candidates are in preclinical and clinical development,[2] innovative methods of genetic control of mosquitoes are being developed[3,4,5,6]; these interventions are unlikely to eliminate dengue on their own.[7] traditional vector control remains a key component of dengue control in the short and medium terms. In Cambodia, 194,726 dengue cases were reported to the National Dengue Control Program (NDCP) between 1980 and 2008.8 the real number of cases and cost to society is estimated to be many times higher.[9,10] Previous work showed household water storage jars contained more than 80% of Ae. aegypti larvae in Cambodia, and these jars became the main target for dengue vector control activities.[11]
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