Abstract
The productivity of cereal crops under salt stress limits sustainable food production and food security. Barley followed by sorghum better adapts to salinity stress, while wheat and maize are moderately adapted. However, rice is a salt-sensitive crop, and its growth and grain yield are significantly impacted by salinity stress. High soil salinity can reduce water uptake, create osmotic stress in plants and, consequently, oxidative stress. Crops have evolved different tolerance mechanisms, particularly cereals, to mitigate the stressful conditions, i.e., effluxing excessive sodium (Na+) or compartmentalizing Na+ to vacuoles. Likewise, plants activate an antioxidant defense system to detoxify apoplastic cell wall acidification and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Understanding the response of field crops to salinity stress, including their resistance mechanisms, can help breed adapted varieties with high productivity under unfavourable environmental factors. In contrast, the primary stages of seed germination are more critical to osmotic stress than the vegetative stages. However, salinity stress at the reproductive stage can also decrease crop productivity. Biotechnology approaches are being used to accelerate the development of salt-adapted crops. In addition, hormones and osmolytes application can mitigate the toxicity impact of salts in cereal crops. Therefore, we review the salinity on cereal crops physiology and production, the management strategies to cope with the harmful negative effect on cereal crops physiology and production of salt stress.
Highlights
This review aims to focus on how to address the issue of the impact of soil salinity stress on cereal crops growth and yields, the mechanisms of salt stress tolerance, and the management strategies to mitigate these effects
The reduction in the percentage of germination and barley is presented in Table observed in other studies with maize, rice, wheat, sorghum and barley is presented in Salinity stress significantly negatively impacts plant growth and development (Table 1); Table 1
An exogenous spray of thiamin enhanced the antioxidative defense system in maize plants exposed to salt stress [104]. This enhancement in maize growth was attributed to the reaction between thiamin and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form thiamin diphosphate (ThDP), the reaction between thiamin and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form thiamin diphosphate (ThDP), which could work as an active co-enzyme for carbohydrate metabolism which could work as an active co-enzyme for carbohydrate metabolism and transmetallaand transmetalation reaction of pention reaction of pentose phosphate in tose phosphate the Calvin cycleplant
Summary
Salt stress can damage cellular homeostasis, denature protein and nucleic acids, induce lipid peroxidation, and increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) [15,24,25] To reduce these adverse effects, plants should utilize adaptive strategies such as reducing the Na+ ion uptake and maintaining the internal osmotic balance, enhancing the accumulation of osmolytes, and scavenging ROS antioxidant defense system [25]. Plants close their stomata, decrease transpiration rate, and lose turgor factors, i.e., water shortage, rainfall limitations, and high evapotranspiration, pressure, which haltsinroot expansion shoots [30].AInhigh response to osmotic stress, induced soil salinity various regionsand of the globecells [27,28].
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