Field Approaches to Measure Hg Exchange Between Natural Surfaces and the Atmosphere—A Review

Abstract

This review focuses on a vital part of Hg (Hg) atmosphere-natural surface exchange field observational studies, namely the theory, applications, strengths, and limitations of the various experimental methodologies applied to gauge the flux process. We present an in-depth review, a comprehensive literature synthesis, and methodological and instrumentation advances for terrestrial and marine Hg flux studies in recent years. In particular, we outline the theory of a wide range of measurement techniques and detail the operational protocols.