Ficus benghalensis (banyan).

Abstract

Abstract F. benghalensis is a very large, long-lived evergreen tree with thick spreading horizontal branches, from which numerous aerial roots descend and take root, forming new trunks. It is endemic to India and the sub-Himalayan region, and inhabits evergreen and semi-deciduous forest. F. benghalensis has been introduced in Uganda, Zanzibar and Florida. In India, it is considered a sacred tree with wish-fulfilling properties.In the wild, F. benghalensis is naturally dispersed via the excrement of birds and monkeys, and only seeds deposited in the canopy will germinate. This species initially exists as an epiphyte that will rapidly send down roots and begin to envelop the host tree, eventually killing it. F. benghalensis is a strong light-demander and is unable to germinate or grow in the shade (Hocking, 1993). It is frost-hardy, and the leaves may recover quickly from severe frosts. It is susceptible to fire, although seldom are its many stems all killed by fire. F. benghalensis is drought-resistant, though it may lose leaves in hot dry seasons. The wood is of poor quality, and is mainly used for fuelwood, boxes, posts, and small agricultural implements. Due to its durability under water, the wood is used to form well-curbs. Generally the fruit is only eaten in times of famine. F. benghalensis has medicinal properties: the sap is used to treat rheumatism and lumbago; the bark may cure dysentery, diarrhoea and diabetes; leaves are applied to abscesses; and root fibres are used in gonad problems (Hocking, 1993). An inferior rubber may be obtained from the latex of the bark. F. benghalensis can be artificially propagated by cuttings or seed. Both seedlings and cuttings require light and plenty of moisture for optimum growth (Gupta, 1993). F. benghalensis tends to grow slowly in less preferred conditions, such as acid soils, high rainfall, cool temperatures and coastal belts (Hocking, 1993). Aerial roots may begin to develop after 15-20 years, and regular pruning will prevent excessive canopy development. F. benghalensis is extensively planted for shade and as an ornamental in gardens, villages or along roadsides. The aggressive nature and spreading crown of this species make it unsuitable for unmanaged cultivation. However, with regular pollarding, heavy lopping and pruning of aerial roots, it is suitable for silvopastoral systems, and is used to provide fodder and hedging (Hocking, 1993). It is also used to reclaim wasteland and sand dunes.