Abstract
AbstractCreating private property rights and establishing land markets were fundamental to the historical development of capitalism in the Global North and remain at the centre of capitalist development in the Global South. This article contributes to debates about these processes by analysing the relationship between land markets and indigenous peoples in Highland Ecuador. Building on Karl Polanyi's concept of fictitious commodities, it elaborates a new concept that makes an analytical distinction between the activation and development of land markets. The former refers to the occasional participation of actors in markets to secure land, whereas the latter relates to the establishment and expansion of markets that regulate the distribution and value of land through market prices. Focusing on indigenous land struggles in the late 20th century, this article shows that the activation of land markets created opportunities for indigenous peasants to secure land, whereas the development of land markets closed them down. Social and class differentiation among the highland indigenous population increased through this contradictory process. The article connects this historical analysis to recent developments in Ecuador to contribute to empirical and theoretical debates about contemporary land struggles and agrarian change elsewhere in the Global South.
Highlights
Ecuador exemplifies this historical process.1 Land market activity started to increase in the early 20th century, before accelerating from the 1960s as land reform triggered the widespread sale and purchase of rural land, especially in the highlands (Martínez, 1985; Thurner, 1989)
Creating private property rights and establishing land markets were fundamental to the historical development of capitalism in the Global North and remain at the centre of capitalist development and agrarian change in the Global South
The section starts by briefly outlining highland indigenous land relations in the late 20th century, explaining the role family and community institutions performed in regulating the exchange of land and the factors that contributed to the fictional status of land as commodity for indigenous peasants
Summary
Ecuador exemplifies this historical process.1 Land market activity started to increase in the early 20th century, before accelerating from the 1960s as land reform triggered the widespread sale and purchase of rural land, especially in the highlands (Martínez, 1985; Thurner, 1989). Indigenous and mestizo peasants, who were often forced to purchase land through the market because of the limited amount redistributed through land reform, pressured landowning elites to sell, which further stimulated land market activity.
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