Abstract
Currently, the significantly developing fields of tissue engineering related to the fabrication of polymer-based materials that possess microenvironments suitable to provide cell attachment and promote cell differentiation and proliferation involve various materials and approaches. Biomimicking approach in tissue engineering is aimed at the development of a highly biocompatible and bioactive material that would most accurately imitate the structural features of the native extracellular matrix consisting of specially arranged fibrous constructions. For this reason, the present research is devoted to the discussion of promising fibrous materials for bone tissue regeneration obtained by electrospinning techniques. In this brief review, we focus on the recently presented natural and synthetic polymers, as well as their combinations with each other and with bioactive inorganic incorporations in order to form composite electrospun scaffolds. The application of several electrospinning techniques in relation to a number of polymers is touched upon. Additionally, the efficiency of nanofibrous composite materials intended for use in bone tissue engineering is discussed based on biological activity and physiochemical characteristics.
Highlights
Tissue engineering is a rapidly evolving field of regenerative medicine that originates from a scientific branch related to biomaterials development and incorporates such disciplines as cell biology, materials science, and mechanics
A tremendous number of studies on the development of biomaterials with designable milieus devoted to the investigation of interactions between donor stem cells and materials microenvironment showed that scaffolds mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) in structure and properties held much promise in tissue engineering
In study [84], the authors report a successful application of electrospinning technique to the formation of nanofibrous bilayer scaffold obtained on the basis of PCL/gelatin matrix filled with bioactive glass (BG) nanoparticles with a lateral size less than1100ofn1m9 previously manufactured by the sol-gel method (Figure 3)
Summary
Tissue engineering is a rapidly evolving field of regenerative medicine that originates from a scientific branch related to biomaterials development and incorporates such disciplines as cell biology, materials science, and mechanics. Regarding the improvement of mechanical properties through the introduction of synthetic polymer into the system, a large number of works aimed at the fabrication of chitosan/PVA- [34,35] and chitosan/silk/PVA-based [66] electrospun materials for biomedical applications should be noted Such materials possess high tensile stress values depending on the composition, and PVA-constituent enables the fiber formation from hybrid chitosan-containing solutions, which is a challenging task. Another study of bone-derived ECM-incorporated electrospun PCL nanofibrous scaffolds [68] presented in vitro and in vivo investigations that proved the positive effect of materials microenvironment on rat mesenchymal stem cells attachment, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. The combination of natural and synthetic polymers leads to the improvement of electrospun materials properties, providing a suitable composition to support metabolic cell activity, and a stable fibrous structure formed via electrospinning
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