Abstract
Dermal injuries and chronic wounds usually regenerate with scar formation. Successful treatment without scarring might be achieved by pre-seeding a wound dressing with cells. We aimed to prepare a wound dressing fabricated from sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Hcel® NaT), combined with fibrin and seeded with dermal fibroblasts in vitro. We fabricated the Hcel® NaT in a porous and homogeneous form (P form and H form, respectively) differing in structural morphology and in the degree of substitution of hydroxyl groups. Each form of Hcel® NaT was functionalized with two morphologically different fibrin structures to improve cell adhesion and proliferation, estimated by an MTS assay. Fibrin functionalization of the Hcel® NaT strongly enhanced colonization of the material with human dermal fibroblasts. Moreover, the type of fibrin structures influenced the ability of the cells to adhere to the material and proliferate on it. The fibrin mesh filling the void spaces between cellulose fibers better supported cell attachment and subsequent proliferation than the fibrin coating, which only enwrapped individual cellulose fibers. On the fibrin mesh, the cell proliferation activity on day 3 was higher on the H form than on the P form of Hcel® NaT, while on the fibrin coating, the cell proliferation on day 7 was higher on the P form. The Hcel® NaT wound dressing functionalized with fibrin, especially when in the form of a mesh, can accelerate wound healing by supporting fibroblast adhesion and proliferation.
Highlights
Cellulose-based materials have been widely applied in clinical practice as a wound dressing for treating acute and chronic wounds
Cellulose can be modified into several forms, e.g., regenerated cellulose, oxidized cellulose, acetate cellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose and others, which differ in physicochemical properties [3,4]
These carriers include e.g., a polyurethane wound dressing known as HydroDerm [10], a porous dressing made of a copolymer of hydrophilic polyethylene glycol terephthalate soft segments and polybutylene terephthalate hard segments [11], electrospun mats consisting of polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) [26], and a composite hydrogel consisting of bacterial cellulose and acrylic acid [13]
Summary
Cellulose-based materials have been widely applied in clinical practice as a wound dressing for treating acute and chronic wounds (for a review, see [1]). Carboxymethylcellulose is prepared by carboxymethylation of any of the three hydroxyl groups in the glucose molecule. The average number of substituted hydroxyl groups is referred to as the degree of substitution. The degree of substitution influences the ability of the material to absorb water and to form a hydrogel. In the body, the degree of substitution and the molecular weight affect the absorbability of the material. The higher the degree of substitution of the material, the greater the amount of water that the material can absorb, and the longer the time that the water absorption takes [5]. Carboxymethylcellulose, or carboxymethylcellulose in the form of a sodium salt, successfully supports wound healing, prevents infection and promotes homeostasis [5,6,7]
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