Fiber-Agnostic Machine Learning-Based Raman Amplifier Models

Abstract

In this paper, we show that by combining experimental data from different optical fibers, we can build a fiber-agnostic neural-network to model the Raman amplifier. The fiber-agnostic NN model can predict the gain profile of a new fiber type (unseen by the model during training) with a maximum absolute error as low as 0.22 dB. We show that this generalization is only possible when the unseen fiber parameters are similar to the fibers used to build the model. Therefore, a training dataset with a wide range of optical fibers parameters is needed to enhance the chance of accurately predicting the gain of a new fiber. This implies that time-consuming experimental measurements of various fiber types can be avoided. For that, here we extend and improve our general model by numerically generating the dataset. By doing so, it is possible to generate uniformly distributed data that covers a wide range of optical fiber types. The results show that the averaged maximum prediction error is reduced when compared to the limited experimental data-based general models. As the second and final contribution of this work, we propose the use of transfer learning (TL) to re-train the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">numerical data-based</i> general model using just a few experimental measurements. Compared with the fiber-specific models, this TL-upgraded general model reaches very similar accuracy, with just 3.6% of the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">experimental data</i> . These results demonstrate that the already fast and accurate NN-based RA models can be upgraded to have strong fiber generalization capabilities.