Fetal programming and effect of supplementation pre-partum on productive and reproductive performance of progenie: Review

Elizângela Moreira

doi:10.31533/pubvet.v13n4a310.1-7

Abstract

Fetal programming, also called developmental programming, is concept of a maternal dietary stimulus on fetal performance and growth, which are related to the effects of the uterine environment through epigenetic mechanisms, which modulate the adaptation to the fetus to the uterine environment through gene silencing or activation. Tropical forages cultivated in Brazil have low nutritional value, especially in the dry season of the year, and may be inadequate to ensure optimal nutrition for growth, pregnancy and lactation. Thus, protein supplementation of beef cows in the final third of gestation becomes important, since it is a phase in which the exponential growth occurs of the fetus with higher nutritional demand. Have as goals to alter the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the fetus by causing metabolic or endocrine impression, as well as effects on muscle cells, allowing the potential promotion of myogenesis and fetal muscle adipogenesis. The objective of this review is to discuss the concepts related to fetal programming and the effects of protein supplementation of beef cows in the final third of gestation on performance productive and reproductive your progenies.Keys-words: fetal programming, beef cow, productivityFetal programming and effect of supplementation pre-partum on productive and reproductive performance of progenie: ReviewAbstract. Fetal programming, also called developmental programming, is concept of a maternal dietary stimulus on fetal performance and growth, which are related to the effects of the uterine environment through epigenetic mechanisms, which modulate the adaptation to the fetus to the uterine environment through gene silencing or activation. Tropical forages cultivated in Brazil have low nutritional value, especially in the dry season of the year, and may be inadequate to ensure optimal nutrition for growth, pregnancy and lactation. Thus, protein supplementation of beef cows in the final third of gestation becomes important, since it is a phase in which the exponential growth occurs of the fetus with higher nutritional demand. Have as goals to alter the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the fetus by causing metabolic or endocrine impression, as well as effects on muscle cells, allowing the potential promotion of myogenesis and fetal muscle adipogenesis. The objective of this review is to discuss the concepts related to fetal programming and the effects of protein supplementation of beef cows in the final third of gestation on performance productive and reproductive your progenies.

Highlights

Fetal programming, called developmental programming, is concept of a maternal dietary stimulus on fetal performance and growth, which are related to the effects of the uterine environment through epigenetic mechanisms, which modulate the adaptation to the fetus to the uterine environment through gene silencing or activation
The objective of this review is to discuss the concepts related to fetal programming and the effects of protein supplementation of beef cows in the final third of gestation on performance productive and reproductive your progenies
Uma restrição de energia no início até meados da gestação acarretou uma diminuição de fibras secundárias no músculo fetal, quando comparado ao número de fibras primárias (Zhu et al, 2006) e aumento do peso ao nascimento e à desmama, como também, maior rendimento de carcaça em bezerros filhos de vacas que receberam suplementação proteica no terço final da gestação quando comparado a bezerros filhos de vacas que não foram suplementadas (Larson et al, 2009)

Summary

Programação fetal e epigenética

O termo programação fetal é relativamente novo e, compreende os processos ou mecanismos de adaptação, em que a nutrição materna e o ambiente uterino influenciam o v.13, n.4, a310, p.1-7, Abr., 2019 desenvolvimento do feto, podendo ocasionar mudanças metabólicas, que vão permanecer durante toda a sua vida. A programação fetal pode ser explicada por mecanismos epigenéticos que modulam a adaptação do feto ao ambiente uterino pelo silêncio ou ativação gênica. Alterações na estrutura da cromatina exerce influência sobre a expressão dos genes, sendo que, são inativados quando a cromatina está condensada e expressa, quando a cromatina não está condensada (aberta) (Rodenhiser & Mann, 2006). A metilação do DNA constitui uma das mais estáveis modificações epigenéticas, sendo indispensável para as funções do genoma e está relacionada com processos de regulação gênica , estabilidade cromossômica e “imprint ” parental (Bird, 2002). Quando o DNA estiver hipermetilado, a cromatina estará condensada, impedindo a expressão dos genes com possíveis alterações no metabolismo, como também, diferenças na estrutura dos tecidos do feto em desenvolvimento (Lillycrop et al, 2005)

Organogênese e desenvolvimento muscular fetal

Peso a puberdade

Referências bibliográficas