Abstract
Efficient use of limited soil moisture resources is important for crop production in dryland agriculture in the study area. Understanding the changes in soil moisture during crop growing seasons can improve crop production. The objectives of the current study were to assess the effects of fertilizer application on soil moisture content (SMC) and its depletion patterns during the growing season. Changes in SMC in the 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, and 30-40 cm depths soil were monitored during the 2013-2015 growing seasons under canola (Brassica napus L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crops with 0 and 100% rates of commercial chemical fertilizers. The crops were grown using direct seeding (DS) on a clay loam soil in the southeast Peace Region (legal: NW7-77-20W5; GPS: 55o39′38.43″ N, 117o6′10.64″ W) of Alberta, Canada. Fertilizer application reduced the SMC at all the soil depths during considerable crop growing seasons. Depletion of SMC started earlier in fertilized pots in 2013 and 2014, but not in the drier early season of 2015. Rapid depletion during the early and middle of growing seasons was followed by slower or no soil moisture depletion by crops near the end. The SMC tended to be somewhat lower under 100 than 0% fertilizer by the end of the growing seasons, with few exceptions. The start of SMC depletion and appearance of fertilizer rates effect after seeding was also influenced by the amount of SMC at seeding in spring, i.e. earlier in dry year of 2015 than in other years with higher SMC in spring and more rain. The results demonstrated that applying fertilizer increased soil water use by plants regardless of the crop type or growing season. They also indicated that if more soil moisture was available, the differences between fertilizer treatments might have continued for extended periods, and yields of fertilized crops may have benefitted more.
Highlights
The water used by dryland crops produced in the study area comes from rain during the growing season, the stored soil moisture content (SMC) from rain/snow before seeding, and water depleted from the root zone
The season started with 75% of the average spring soil moisture (SSM), and 84% of the normal rainfall was received during the growing season (Table 2)
Soil moisture at the monitored depths was depleted by canola and barley crops during 2013, 2014, and 2015
Summary
The water used by dryland crops produced in the study area comes from rain during the growing season, the stored SMC from rain/snow before seeding, and water depleted from the root zone (stored soil moisture: at seeding—at harvest of the crops). The temporal and spatial changes in the soil moisture during the growing season depend on the amount of rain during the growing season and SMC depletion by crops from different depths in the soil profile. In such areas, rainfall, water shortage, low nutrient availability, and low water-use efficiency (WUE) are the main factors limiting crop growth (Zhang et al, 1998; Li et al, 2001). No fertilizer (NF) treatment had total soil water content higher by 1.2% than F treatment within 10-210 cm soil profile in most of the months, and there were significant differences between NF with F for three years within 90 cm profile. No fertilizer (NF) treatment had total soil water content higher by 1.2% than F treatment within 10-210 cm soil profile in most of the months, and there were significant differences between NF with F for three years within 90 cm profile. Tesfahunegn (2019) reported that SMC in the 0-20 cm depth was significantly lower with most of the fertilizer rates
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