Abstract
Effects of the variation in male and female fertilities of clones, flowering phenology, and spatial distribution of clones on the genetic structure of progenies of three Scots pine seed orchards were investigated using isozyme gene markers. A pronounced variation of male and female gametic contributions was found. Most clones appear to be phenologically synchronized, but up to 15% of early or late flowering clones were found in all seed orchards. The presence of ramets, which do not belong to any seed orchard clone, does not affect allelic or genotypic diversity of the seed orchard crop. Gene-pool genetic distances based on allelic frequencies between the parental and the progeny generations are not very high, but there are certain loci exhibiting a considerable differentiation. On the other hand, variance effective population sizes indicate a substantial drift of gene frequencies between seed orchard itself and its offspring. The necessity of a cautious use of the reproductive material originating from seed orchards is emphasized.
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