Abstract
Currently, an intensive search for high-performance lead-free ferroelectric materials is taking place. ABO3 perovskites (A = Ba, Bi, Ca, K and Na; B = Fe, Nb, Ti, and Zr) appear as promising candidates. Understanding the structure–function relationship is mandatory, and, in this field, the roles of long- and short-range crystal orders and interactions are decisive. In this review, recent advances in the global and local characterization of ferroelectric materials by synchrotron light diffraction, scattering and absorption are analyzed. Single- and poly-crystal synchrotron diffraction studies allow high-resolution investigations regarding the long-range average position of ions and subtle global symmetry break-downs. Ferroelectric materials, under the action of electric fields, undergo crystal symmetry, crystallite/domain orientation distribution and strain condition transformations. Methodological aspects of monitoring these processes are discussed. Two-dimensional diffraction clarify larger scale ordering: polycrystal texture is measured from the intensities distribution along the Debye rings. Local order is investigated by diffuse scattering (DS) and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) experiments. DS provides information about thermal, chemical and displacive low-dimensional disorders. XAFS investigation of ferroelectrics reveals local B-cation off-centering and oxidation state. This technique has the advantage of being element-selective. Representative reports of the mentioned studies are described.
Highlights
Materials with ferro- and piezoelectric properties are globally required, respectively, in information technology and in electromechanical transduction
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a useful, yet complex, tool that has been extensively devoted to studying the evolution of the crystal structure of ferroelectrics under the action of an electric-field using conventional diffraction (CuKα radiation tubes) [20,21,22,23,24] and synchrotron radiation sources [25,26]
3 at 3room phase coexists with the tetragonal. These results propose that at room coexists with the tetragonal P4mm phase These results propose that BaTiO3 at room temperature is temperature is within an instability regime, and is structurally more akin to lead‐based morphotropic phase boundary systems such as PZT, PMN‐PT, PZN‐PT instead of PbTiO3
Summary
We devote our last section to the intensively studied system (1−x)(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3–xBaTiO. This scheme follows the non‐ergodic relaxor to ferroelectric field‐induced phase transition in BNBT6 [116,126,127]. This scheme follows the non-ergodic relaxor to ferroelectric field-induced phase transition in. Humps in non‐poled samples could well haveand thepoled samesamples origin. could well have the same origin
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