Abstract
Perovskite-structured compounds containing organic cations and inorganic anions have gained prominence as materials for next-generation electronic and energy devices. Hybrid materials possessing ferro- and piezoelectric properties are in recent focus for mechanical energy harvesting (nanogenerator) applications. Here, we report the ferroelectric behavior of A2BX4-type halogenocuprate materials supported by heteroleptic phosphonium cations. These lead-free discrete Cu(II) halides [Ph3MeP]2[CuCl4] (1) and [Ph3MeP]2[CuBr4] (2) exhibit a remnant polarization (P r) of 17.16 and 26.02 μC cm-2, respectively, at room temperature. Furthermore, flexible polymer films were prepared with various weight percentage (wt %) compositions of 1 in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and studied for mechanical energy harvesting applications. A highest peak-to-peak voltage output of 25 V and power density of 14.1 μW cm-2 were obtained for the optimal 15 wt % 1-TPU composite film. The obtained output voltages were utilized for charging a 100 μF electrolytic capacitor that reaches its maximum charging point within 30 s with sizable stored energies and accumulated charges.
Highlights
IntroductionThermoelectric, electrochemical, and piezoelectric properties represent a burgeoning area of research due to their ability to harvest various forms of energy via the conversion of their optical, thermal, chemical, and mechanical effects into electrical outputs.[1−4] Recent activity in this area is largely focused on the development of hybrid perovskites since they combine the advantages of both the organic and inorganic substances, yielding structurally flexible materials.[5−9] They offer solution and low-temperature processability, strong optical absorption, high carrier mobility, and tunable optical properties and band gap.[3,10−15] devices fabricated from hybrid emissive materials have led to remarkable developments in perovskite solar cells with high power conversion efficiencies.[11,16−19] Lately, these classes of materials are explored for harvesting energies from other forms of forces such as thermoelectric and piezoelectric effects.[2,15,17,20,21]Piezoelectricity is an efficient source of alternate energy, wherein the electrical energy is produced via the application of external stress, including natural forces and biomechanical movements.[22−24] In the past, nanogenerators of this type were prepared using traditional piezoelectric and ferroelectric ceramic materials like barium titanate, lithium niobate, lead titanate, lead zirconate titanate, and zinc oxide.[25−28] the presence of heavy weight or toxic elements and the poor nanogenerator attributes for some of these substances have triggered the search for alternative class of materials.[11,29] Even though the use of organic polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers has resulted in notable device characteristics, these materials require additional stimuli such as mechanical stretching, high-temperature annealing, and external additives to obtain the piezoelectrically active β-phase.[30−36] organic−inorganic hybrid materials with piezoelectric properties serve as an attractive platform to fabricate devices for these applications.[5,6,37]Hitherto, several nanogenerator devices have been fabricated using lead- and tin-based hybrid materials.[38−41] For example, a composite device based on MASnI3 embedded in the PVDF was shown to yield an output peak-to-peak voltage of 12 V and a power density of 21.6 μW cm−2.42 the toxic nature of lead and the intrinsic instability of Sn(II)-halides have limited the use of such perovskites for practical energy harvestingReceived: September 7, 2021 Revised: October 13, 2021 Accepted: October 25, 2021© XXXX The Authors
Even though the use of organic polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers has resulted in notable device characteristics, these materials require additional stimuli such as mechanical stretching, high-temperature annealing, and external additives to obtain the piezoelectrically active β-phase.[30−36] organic−inorganic hybrid materials with piezoelectric properties serve as an attractive platform to fabricate devices for these applications.[5,6,37]
Several nanogenerator devices have been fabricated using lead- and tin-based hybrid materials.[38−41] For example, a composite device based on MASnI3 embedded in the PVDF was shown to yield an output peak-to-peak voltage of 12 V and a power density of 21.6 μW cm−2.42 the toxic nature of lead and the intrinsic instability of Sn(II)-halides have limited the use of such perovskites for practical energy harvesting
Summary
Thermoelectric, electrochemical, and piezoelectric properties represent a burgeoning area of research due to their ability to harvest various forms of energy via the conversion of their optical, thermal, chemical, and mechanical effects into electrical outputs.[1−4] Recent activity in this area is largely focused on the development of hybrid perovskites since they combine the advantages of both the organic and inorganic substances, yielding structurally flexible materials.[5−9] They offer solution and low-temperature processability, strong optical absorption, high carrier mobility, and tunable optical properties and band gap.[3,10−15] devices fabricated from hybrid emissive materials have led to remarkable developments in perovskite solar cells with high power conversion efficiencies.[11,16−19] Lately, these classes of materials are explored for harvesting energies from other forms of forces such as thermoelectric and piezoelectric effects.[2,15,17,20,21]Piezoelectricity is an efficient source of alternate energy, wherein the electrical energy is produced via the application of external stress, including natural forces and biomechanical movements.[22−24] In the past, nanogenerators of this type were prepared using traditional piezoelectric and ferroelectric ceramic materials like barium titanate, lithium niobate, lead titanate, lead zirconate titanate, and zinc oxide.[25−28] the presence of heavy weight or toxic elements and the poor nanogenerator attributes for some of these substances have triggered the search for alternative class of materials.[11,29] Even though the use of organic polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers has resulted in notable device characteristics, these materials require additional stimuli such as mechanical stretching, high-temperature annealing, and external additives to obtain the piezoelectrically active β-phase.[30−36] organic−inorganic hybrid materials with piezoelectric properties serve as an attractive platform to fabricate devices for these applications.[5,6,37]Hitherto, several nanogenerator devices have been fabricated using lead- and tin-based hybrid materials.[38−41] For example, a composite device based on MASnI3 embedded in the PVDF was shown to yield an output peak-to-peak voltage of 12 V and a power density of 21.6 μW cm−2.42 the toxic nature of lead and the intrinsic instability of Sn(II)-halides have limited the use of such perovskites for practical energy harvestingReceived: September 7, 2021 Revised: October 13, 2021 Accepted: October 25, 2021© XXXX The Authors. Piezoelectricity is an efficient source of alternate energy, wherein the electrical energy is produced via the application of external stress, including natural forces and biomechanical movements.[22−24] In the past, nanogenerators of this type were prepared using traditional piezoelectric and ferroelectric ceramic materials like barium titanate, lithium niobate, lead titanate, lead zirconate titanate, and zinc oxide.[25−28] the presence of heavy weight or toxic elements and the poor nanogenerator attributes for some of these substances have triggered the search for alternative class of materials.[11,29] Even though the use of organic polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers has resulted in notable device characteristics, these materials require additional stimuli such as mechanical stretching, high-temperature annealing, and external additives to obtain the piezoelectrically active β-phase.[30−36] organic−inorganic hybrid materials with piezoelectric properties serve as an attractive platform to fabricate devices for these applications.[5,6,37].
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
