Ferroelectric phase transitions and electromechanical properties of barium titanate and lead titanate crystals under uniaxial and shear stresses: a thermodynamic analysis

Abstract

Ferroelectric phase transitions and electromechanical properties of BaTiO3 (BT) and PbTiO3 (PT) crystals under uniaxial and shear stresses are investigated using the Landau–Devonshire phenomenological approach. The results show that (1) the Curie temperature of BT and PT crystals increases with increasing stress; (2) at room temperature, no ferroelectric–ferroelectric phase transition is induced by uniaxial stress along the [1 0 0]c direction for the PT crystal, while the orthorhombic phase is the ultimate stable state for BT and PT crystals under uniaxial stress along the [0 0 1]c direction and shear stress; (3) shear stress induces a temperature-independent morphotropic phase boundary in tetragonal phase BT and PT crystals; (4) the dielectric and piezoelectric properties are closely related to the phase transition induced by external stresses, where nonlinearity is observed owing to higher order terms of free energy.