Abstract
Back in 1995, physicists hit the headlines by creating a Bose-Einstein condensate – a new state of matter in which all the atoms accumulate in the same quantum state at low temperatures. The effect was a dramatic demonstration that bosons – particles with integer values of intrinsic angular momentum or “spin” – can share the same quantum numbers. The next challenge was to create a similar “quantum degenerate” state of fermions – particles with half-integer values of spin. In a quantum-degenerate gas the atoms are so cold that their de Broglie wavelength becomes comparable with the typical inter-atom separation, leading to new forms of behaviour.
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