Fermented ginseng leaf enriched with rare ginsenosides relieves exercise-induced fatigue via regulating metabolites of muscular interstitial fluid, satellite cells-mediated muscle repair and gut microbiota

Abstract

• Nano Fe 3 O 4 @glucose oxidase-assisted fermentation significantly increased the rare ginsenosides contents of Rh2 and Rg3. • Fermented ginseng leaf activated stellate cells of gastrocnemius and improved the switch of muscle fiber types. • FGL relieved exercise-induced fatigue by modulating metabolites of muscular interstitial fluid and gut microbiota. This work investigated the effects of fermented ginseng leaf (FGL) consumption on metabolites of muscular interstitial fluid, satellite cell-mediated muscle cell repair and gut microbiota in exercise-induced fatigue rats. First nano Fe 3 O 4 @glucose oxidase-assisted fermentation significantly increased the ginsenosides contents of Rh2 and Rg3. Furthermore, the levels of hypoxanthine and isoprostane significantly increased in fatigue rats compared with the control. Meanwhile, remarkable decline of bacterial diversity, abundances of Bacteroidaceae , Allobaculum and Akkermansia were found. However, FGL consumption ameliorated these biomarkers. Exhaustive Exercise significantly elevated the protein expression of MyHC-I and MyHC-II, and decreased fiber cross sectional areas. FGL significantly increased protein expression of Pax7 and MyoD1, and decreased gene expression of MyHC-I and MyHC-IIb. The levels of acetic acid, propionic acid, total short chain fatty acids, TNF-α and IL-10 significantly altered in fatigue rats, whilst FGL significantly ameliorate them. These findings suggested potential benefits of FGL for alleviating exercise-induced fatigue.