Abstract
This study investigated the effects of foxtail millet whole grain flours obtained through different processing methods on alleviating symptoms and gut microbiota dysbiosis in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis model. Sixty C57BL/6 mice were divided into six groups (n = 10 in each group), including one control group (CTRL) without DSS treatment and five DSS-treated groups receiving one of the following diets: AIN-93M standard diet (93MD), whole grain foxtail millet flour (FM), fermented (F-FM), germinated (G-FM), and fermented-germinated foxtail millet flour (FG-FM). A comparison of the disease activity index (DAI) demonstrated that foxtail millet whole grain-based diets could alleviate the symptoms of enteritis to varying degrees. In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that FG-FM almost completely alleviated DSS-induced dysbiosis. Mice on the FG-FM diet also had the lowest plasma IL-6 levels and claudin2 expression levels in the colon, indicating reduced systemic inflammation and improved gut barrier function. This study suggested that foxtail millet whole grain is an attractive choice for the intervention of IBD and gut microbiota dysbiosis, and its prebiotic properties are highly affected by the processing methods.
Highlights
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and incurable inflammatory disease that has two major entities: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) [1]
In order to develop cost-effective dietary strategies for the prevention of IBD, this study investigated the alleviation of gut microbiota dysbiosis and the reduction in the symptoms of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis models using foxtail millet flours obtained through different processing methods
Comparisons with accurate mass and MS/MS data of natural products in MS2 databases revealed more than 1,000 main compounds in foxtail millet flours; In order to accurately identify more compounds influenced by different pre-treated methods, a strict filter condition was set (MS score > 0.99; VIP > 1)
Summary
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and incurable inflammatory disease that has two major entities: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) [1]. Patients with IBD suffer from multiple clinical symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in stools, and weight loss, as well as having a higher risk of developing colorectal carcinoma (CRC) [2]. In this century, IBD has become a global health concern because of its high disease burden in Western countries and increasing prevalence in newly industrialized countries in Asia, Africa, and South America [3]. The gut microbiota is primarily made up of bacteria, but it includes viruses, archaea, and fungi inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract [6] It is the largest independent organ of the human body, performing indispensable functions such as digestion, absorption, metabolism, and immunity [7]. Along with an increase in the relative abundance of species from the phylum Proteobacteria, the abundance of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, which are the dominant phyla in the gut microbiota of healthy individuals, was significantly decreased in IBD patients [11]
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