Abstract
Fertilization management is a key issue in plant nutrition to produce plants with good quality and quantity. Deproteinized leaf juice or brown juice (BJ) is a by-product during the isolation of leaf protein from biomass crops such as alfalfa. The idea of using BJ as a biostimulant fits well in the aspect of circular economy since BJ is currently a problematic issue of the leaf protein production approach. Fractionation of one-kilogram fresh biomass results in approximately 500 cm3 BJ. Due to fast spoil of fresh BJ, if left on room temperature, it is found that fermentation of fresh BJ using lactic acid bacteria and reducing its pH increases its stability and storage on room temperature. In the present study, we examined the effect of fermented alfalfa BJ on vegetative, physiological, and anatomical properties of the versatile sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ‘Bíborfelhő’) plants. Sweet basil seedlings were sprayed at different doses of fermented alfalfa BJ (i.e., 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.5%) and tap water served as a control (0.0% BJ). The results revealed that foliar application of fermented alfalfa BJ significantly improved the biometrical features of sweet basil plants. Plants treated with fermented BJ showed significantly higher values of all the measured parameters compared to the control (0.0%), except for the number of leaves per plants where control plants (0.0%) had more leaves. However, the leaves of control plants (0.0%) were smaller than treated plants as data of leaf area showed. Fermented alfalfa BJ significantly increased the content of photosynthetic pigments (chl a and chl b), relative chlorophyll (SPAD value), lengths of stem and root, fresh masses of stem, root, and leaves, volumes of stem and root, and leaf area. Despite all rates of fermented BJ displayed higher values over control plants (0.0%), the rate of 0.5% was the best one supported by results. Application of fermented alfalfa BJ influenced the anatomical parameters as well. These findings demonstrate the possible use of fermented alfalfa BJ as a promising novel plant biostimulant.
Highlights
The increase in the world’s population leads to several issues that we already have to face, and we must find sustainable solutions for them to save our life on the planet
The results showed that the content of chlorophylls increased upon spraying sweet basil plants results brown juice (BJ)
Similar findings have been previously reported by Bergstrand et al [34] who proved in their study on nitrogen speciation in pot experiment of sweet basil fertilized by different organic manures, i.e., blood meal + Baralith®Enslow and poultry manure, that the plant-based organic fertilizer treatment induced the chlorophyll content
Summary
The increase in the world’s population leads to several issues that we already have to face, and we must find sustainable solutions for them to save our life on the planet. One of these concerns is the sustainable supply of high-quality protein. Leaf protein concentrate (LPC) is a promising element either in human or animal diet as the human population of the Earth (7.2 billion) is growing rapidly causing a high demand for animal protein [4,5]. The isolation of leaf protein resulted in four products, i.e., green juice, fiber, leaf protein concentrate, and deproteinized juice or referred to as brown juice (BJ). Fractionation of one-kilogram fresh biomass results in 450–550 mL BJ [6,7,8]
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