Abstract
A bacterial strain, identified as Lysinibacillus sp. LC 556247 POME, was isolated from palm oil mill effluent (POME). The present article highlights the potential utilization of POME as a sole fermentation medium by Lysinibacillus sp. LC 556247 to produce biomass fuel via aerobic fermentation. The fermentation was performed in a shake flask with a working volume of 300 mL, agitated at 180 rpm, incubated at 35 ± 2 °C for various fermentation hours, ranging from 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h, and was followed by a drying process. Elucidation of the POME characteristics, calorific energy values (CEV), moisture content (MC), oil and grease content, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), pH, total nitrogen, and the colony-forming unit (CFU) were performed. The results demonstrate that the highest CEV, of 21.25 ± 0.19 MJ/kg, was obtained at 48 h fermentation. High amounts of extractable oil and nitrogen content were retrieved at the highest CEV reading of the fermented and dried POME samples, which were 17.95 ± 0.02% and 12.80 ± 0.08%, respectively. The maximum removal efficiencies for the COD (50.83%), the BOD (71.73%), and the TSS (42.99%) were achieved at 120 h of fermentation, with an operating pH ranging from 4.49–4.54. The XRF analysis reveals that the fermented and dried products consisted of elements that had a high amount of carbon and potassium, and a significantly low amount of silica, which is sufficient for the effective burning of biomass fuel in the boiler.
Highlights
palm oil mill effluent (POME) samples, prior to entering the treatment pond used in this study, were collected from a palm oil mill located at Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
No data on the biowas slightly higher than in the nonsterile POME (40.93%). These results reveal that the degradation ability of Lysinibacillus sp. for POME treatment has been compiled
The high chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal obtained in this study reveals its broader potential utilization for the treatment of other substrates, aside from POME
Summary
The oil palm industry is the largest contributor to biomass in Malaysia. Oil palm biomass has been constantly produced in massive amounts, with a small portion being converted into value-added products, while a large portion is left and underutilized. The oil palm biomass, originating from plantations and mills, can be categorized into two groups in solid and liquid forms. In the solid form are empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm fronds (PF), palm trunks (PT), mesocarp fibers (MF), palm kernel shells (PKS), and the liquid form of palm oil mill effluent (POME). The later liquid waste of the POME becomes
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