Fenton-driven oxidation of contaminant-spent granular activated carbon (GAC): GAC selection and implications

Abstract

Raw materials, activation methods, and post-activation treatment used in manufacturing granular activated carbon (GAC) results in a spectrum of physicochemical characteristics that potentially impact the adsorption oxidation treatment process. A comprehensive study is lacking that assesses the effect of GAC characteristics on adsorption oxidation treatment of contaminant spent-GAC. Consequently, it is inherently assumed the treatment process is GAC-independent. Here, GACs (n = 31) were characterized and used in the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-based adsorption oxidation treatment of 2-chlorophenol (2CP)-spent GAC. The GACs exhibited a range in surface area, pore volume distribution, metals content, surface functionality, and H2O2 reaction. Chloride recovery, the treatment metric for 2CP oxidation, indicated a wide range in oxidation (0–49.2%) where bituminous- and wood-based GAC performed best. A selected subset of GACs (n = 12), amended with iron, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and H2O2, exhibited a range in oxidative treatment (1.1–57.9%). Correlations were established between GAC surface functionality, H2O2 reactivity, adsorption, and MTBE oxidation indicating multiple parameters play a collective and compounding role. The order of GACs successfully used in the treatment process is bituminous-based coal > wood > coconut > peat. Results showed adsorption oxidation treatment is GAC-dependent, and therefore, GAC selection is a key factor in the success of this technology.