Abstract
We investigated the effect of fenofibrate nano-eyedrops (FenoNano) on impaired retinal blood flow regulation in type 2 diabetic mice. Six-week-old db/db mice were randomly divided into an untreated group (n = 6) and treated group, which received FenoNano (n = 6). The longitudinal changes in retinal neuronal function and blood flow responses to systemic hyperoxia and flicker stimulation were evaluated every 2 weeks in diabetic db/db mice treated with FenoNano (n = 6) or the vehicle (n = 6) from ages 8–14 weeks. The retinal blood flow was assessed using laser speckle flowgraphy. We also evaluated the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and the phosphorylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) by immunofluorescence. In db/db mice treated with FenoNano, both responses were restored from 8 to 14 weeks of age compared with the diabetic mice treated with the vehicle. At 14 weeks of age, the impaired regulation of retinal blood flow during systemic hyperoxia and flicker stimulation improved to about half of that in the db/db mice treated with FenoNano compared with the db/m control group (n = 5). FenoNano prevented the activation of VEGF and GFAP expression and increased the AQP4 expression and the phosphorylation of PPAR-α detected by immunofluorescence compared with the diabetic mice treated with the vehicle eyedrop. Our results suggested that the fenofibrate nano-eyedrops prevent retinal glial dysfunction via the phosphorylation of PPAR-α and improves the retinal blood flow dysregulation in type 2 diabetic mice.
Highlights
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of preventable blindness and a frequent complication of diabetes
We observed an increased concentration of fenofibrate in the lens, sclera, choroid, and retina in eyes treated with FenoNano compared with those treated with Feno-Micro
The current longitudinal interventional study revealed that the fenofibrate nanoeyedrops (FenoNano) prevent glial dysfunction via the phosphorylation of PPAR-α and improve the retinal blood flow dysregulation and impaired neurovascular coupling in the retina in type 2 diabetic mice
Summary
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of preventable blindness and a frequent complication of diabetes. Treatments are currently only available for the advanced stages of DR and can cause significant adverse effects. There is a need for new pharmacological treatments that are effective in the early stages of DR. Fenofibrate is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) agonist and a widely used triglyceride-lowering medicine. Emerging evidence suggests that fenofibrate provides a broad range of beneficial effects on diabetic complications. Two landmark clinical trials have brought fenofibrate back to the forefront of attention: The Fenofibrate
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