Femtosecond dynamics of exciton localization: self-trapping from the small to the large polaron limit

Abstract

We use femtosecond vibrational wavepacket techniques to time-resolve the coupled electronic and vibrational dynamics of exciton self-trapping in a series of materials in which the relative strength of the electron–phonon coupling can be compositionally tuned from the small to the large polaron limit. Transient absorption experiments are carried out in the quasi-one-dimensional halide-bridged mixed-valence transition metal linear chain complexes [Pt(en)2][Pt(en)2X2]⋅(ClO4)4 (en=ethylenediamine, C2H8N2) with X=Cl, Br and I. In each complex, we detect the formation of the self-trapped exciton through the appearance of its characteristic red-shifted optical absorption, and find that self-trapping occurs on a time scale of the order of a single vibrational period of the optical phonon mode that dominates the self-trapping dynamics. The associated optical phonon response, detected as wavepacket oscillations that modulate the exciton absorption, shows a significant softening of the optical phonon frequency compared to that of the unexcited system. The degree of softening is found to vary significantly with coupling strength, ranging from more than 40% in the strongly coupled chloride-bridged complex to less than 20% in the weakly coupled iodide-bridged complex. We relate these results to the extent of electronic delocalization by comparison with the electronic properties of the ground states of the materials and with the properties of their equilibrated self-trapped electronic states predicted by theoretical modeling.