Abstract
Aims To investigate the distribution of diabetic retinopathy (DR) by sex in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a twelve-province cross-sectional study in China. Methods Patients with T2DM, whose ages were ≥18 years, were recruited from 76 cities/counties in 12 provinces in mainland China between January 2015 and December 2018. All participants received a standardized interview, eye examinations, and digital fundus photography. The presence and severity of DR were diagnosed and classified by retina specialists according to the DR domestic typing method. Results A total of 12,766 participants (5963 males and 6803 females) were eligible for this study. The total prevalence of DR was 30.1%. Females exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of DR than males (31.1% vs. 29.0%, P = 0.011). A multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that female sex was an independent predictor for a higher prevalence of DR after adjusting for age, the duration of diabetes, economic status, and the presence of hypertension (OR: 1.096, 95% CI: 1.013-1.186, P = 0.023). Even after stratification by the diabetic duration, age, and economic status, female sex was still independently associated with the presence of DR in patients whose T2DM history was more than 10 years, whose ages were over 60 years, or who were in a relatively intermediate economic area. Conclusion Females had a higher prevalence of DR than males in T2DM patients with a diabetic history of more than 10 years, ages over 60 years, or a relatively intermediate economic status.
Highlights
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is highly prevalent worldwide and is increasing rapidly [1]
A total of 50.1% of the participants came from intermediate economic areas (Guangdong, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, and Inner Mongolia), 40.3% came from low economic areas (Sichuan, Gansu, Hebei, Shanxi, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Shanxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, and Guizhou), and 9.6% came from relatively high economic areas (Beijing, Jiangsu)
The study indicated that the female participants with T2DM exhibited a higher prevalence of Diabetic retinopathy (DR) than the male participants, for the subjects with a diabetic history of more than 10 years, who were over 60 years old, or who were from areas of a relatively intermediate economic level
Summary
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is highly prevalent worldwide and is increasing rapidly [1]. Multiple risk factors contribute to DR, such as chronic hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, a long duration of diabetes, overweight, and age [9, 10]. It remains ambiguous which sex is more susceptible to DR. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetic Study, which is a milestone T2DM study, presented that the progression of retinopathy was associated with male sex [17]. This inconsistency highlights the need for further investigation of the association between DR and sex. The primary objective of this study was to explore the relationship between sex and DR in T2DM patients; the secondary purpose was to determine the prevalence of DR in mainland China
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